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Hypoxia model in breast tumor-on-a-chip. (A) The gradient of oxygen concentration was established in microfluidic chip by cellular oxygen consumption in the relatively closed spaces [71]. Open access; (B) A linear oxygen gradient from 3% to 17% was generated through the oxygen permeability of ECM. The response of breast cancer cells to different oxygen tension was investigated using the hypoxia microfluidic system [72]. Open access.
