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. 2021 Jul 17;22(14):7660. doi: 10.3390/ijms22147660

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© 2021 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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Inhibition of the pAKT/AKT signaling pathway circumvents negative regulation of TGF-β and CTGF/CCN2 by DCN. After treatment with DCN expression of TGF-β1 (0.44 ± 0.10, n = 6, p ≤ 0.05); TGF-β2 (0.48 ± 0.09, n = 10, p ≤ 0.001) and CTGF/CCN2 (0.49 ± 0.12, n = 6, p ≤ 0.001) was significantly lower than in DMSO treated controls (n_TGF-β1 = 6, n_TGF-β2 = 10, n_CTGF = 6). Combined treatment with triciribine and DCN did not lead to changes in expression compared to untreated controls, but the downregulation was significantly inhibited compared to cells treated with DCN only (TGF-β1: 1.46 ± 0.24, n = 5, p ≤ 0.001; TGF-β2: 1.56 ± 0.36, n = 10, p ≤ 0.05; CTGF/CCN2: 0.84 ± 0.06, n = 6, p ≤ 0.05). Expression was normalized to RACK1. *, ** are significant with p ≤ 0.05 or p ≤ 0.01.