Table 1.
microRNAs (miRNAs) associated with cholangiocarcinoma risk factors.
| Risk Factor | Related microRNA | Expression | Functions | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Lithiasis | ||||
| Cholecystolithiasis | miR-210 | upregulated | Targets ATP11A to regulate the ABC transporter pathway | [43] |
| Hepatolithiasis | miR-130b | downregulated | miR-130b-Sp1-MUC5AC signaling pathway | [44] |
| Choledocholithiasis | unknown | unknown | unknown | |
| Cholestatic liver diseases | ||||
| PSC | miR-200b | upregulated | Promotes biliary hyperplasia and liver fibrosis | [46] |
| FPLD | unknown | unknown | unknown | |
| Parasitic infection | ||||
| miR-21 miR-96 miR-351 miR-146a/b miR-27b |
unknown | Promotes fibrosis | [47,48] | |
| Cirrhosis | ||||
| miR-378 | upregulated | NF-κB-TNFα axis | [49] | |
| miR-30a | downregulated | Targets Beclin1-mediated autophagy | [50] | |
| miR-214-3p | upregulated | Decreases Sufu and promotes HSC activation | [51] | |
| Infections | ||||
| HBV | miR-192-3p | downregulated | Inhibits autophagy and suppresses HBV replication | [54] |
| miR-224, miR-1231 | unknown | Suppresses HBV replication | [55,56] | |
| miR-99 family | unknown | Promotes HBV replication | [57] | |
| HCV | miR-215 | unknown | Promotes HCV replication via targeting TRIM22 | [59] |
| miR-21-5p | upregulated | Promotes HCV replication | [60] | |
| miR-199a | unknown | Suppresses HCV replication | [62] | |
| miR-130a | unknown | Suppresses HCV replication | [63] | |
| Inflammatory disorders | ||||
| IBD | miR-301a | upregulated | Promotes mucosal inflammation | [65] |
| miR-31 | upregulated | Reduces inflammatory response | [66] | |
| Chronic pancreatitis | miR-15/16 | downregulated | Alleviates apoptosis and fibrosis | [67] |
| Metabolic abnormalities | ||||
| Diabetes | miR-10b-5p | unknown | Regulates diabetes by KLF11-KIT pathway | [69] |
| miR-690 | unknown | Improves insulin sensitivity | [70] | |
| NAFLD | miR-132 | upregulated | Alters serum and hepatic lipid profiles | [72] |
| Lifestyle | ||||
| Alcohol | miR-148a | downregulated | Regulates hepatocyte apoptosis | [73] |
| Tobacco | miR-25-3p | unknown | Promotes the development and progression of cancers | [75,76] |
Abbreviations: PSC, primary sclerosing cholangitis; FPLD, fibropolycystic liver diseases; HBV, hepatitis B virus; HCV, hepatitis C virus; IBD, inflammatory bowel disease; NAFLD, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease; HSC, hepatic stellate cell.