Table 2.
Reported miRNAs acting as oncogenic or suppressor miRNAs in cholangiocarcinoma.
| miRNA | Target Gene | Mechanism | References |
|---|---|---|---|
| Oncogenic miRNA | |||
| miR-383 | Interferon regulatory factor 1 (IRF1) | Proliferation, migration, and invasion | [77] |
| miR-221 | Phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN) | Epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT) | [78] |
| miR-31 | RAS p21 GTPase activating protein 1 (RASA1) | Proliferation and apoptosis | [79] |
| miR-361-5p | TNF receptor-associated factor 3 (TRAF3) | Apoptosis | [80] |
| miR-30a-5p | Suppressor of cytokine signaling 3 (SOCS3) | Proliferation and apoptosis | [81] |
| miR-21 | 15-hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase (15-PGDH/HPGD) | Cell growth | [82] |
| miR-18a-5p | Fructose-bisphosphatase 1 (FBP1) | Proliferation, invasion, and apoptosis | [83] |
| miR-421 | Farnesoid X receptor (FXR) | Proliferation and migration | [84] |
| miR-191 | Ten-eleven translocation 1 (TET1) | Proliferation, invasion, and migration | [85] |
| miR-181c | N-myc downstream-regulated gene 2 (NDRG2) | Proliferation, chemoresistance, and metastasis | [86] |
| miR-193-3p | Transforming growth factor-β receptor type 3 (TGFBR3) | Proliferation, migration, and invasion | [87] |
| Suppressor miRNA | |||
| miR-876 | B-cell lymphoma-extra large (BCL-XL) | Proliferation and apoptosis | [88] |
| miR-451a | Activating transcription factor 2 (ATF2), ST8 alpha-N-acetyl-neuraminide alpha-2,8-sialyltransferase 4 (ST8SIA4) | Migration, invasion, and proliferation | [89,90] |
| miR-34a | Notch receptor 1 (NOTCH1), Notch receptor 2 (NOTCH2), Jagged canonical Notch ligand 1 (JAG1) | Proliferation | [91] |
| miR-186 | Twist family BHLH transcription factor 1 (TWIST1) | Proliferation, migration, invasion, and EMT | [92] |
| miR-15a | Plasminogen activator inhibitor type-2 (PAI-2) | Migration | [93] |
| miR-612 | BCL-2 | Proliferation, migration, and invasion | [94] |
| miR-424-5p | AMPK-related protein kinase 5 (ARK5) | Metastasis, invasion, migration, and EMT | [95] |
| miR-124-3p | Ubiquitin-like, containing PHD and RING finger domains 1 (UHRF1) | Proliferation and cell cycle arrest | [96] |
| miR-551b-3p | Cyclin D1 (CCND1) | Proliferation and apoptosis | [97] |
| miR-186-5p | Microrchidia family CW-type zinc finger 2 (MORC2) | Cell growth and metastasis | [98] |
| miR-137 | Wnt family member 2B (WNT2B) | Proliferation, migration, and invasion | [99] |
| miR-490-3p | AKIRIN2 | Proliferation, migration, invasion, and angiogenesis | [100] |
| miR-329 | Laminin subunit beta 3 (LAMB3) | Proliferation, migration, and invasion | [101] |
| miR-122-5p | Aldolase, Fructose-Bisphosphate A (ALDOA) | Proliferation, invasion, apoptosis, and EMT | [102,103] |
| miR-410 | X-linked inhibitor of apoptosis protein (XIAP) | Apoptosis | [104] |
| miR-22 | Histone deacetylase 6 (HDAC6) | Proliferation and migration | [105] |
| miR-433 | Histone deacetylase 6 (HDAC6) | Proliferation and migration | [105] |
| miR-144 | Platelet-activating factor acetylhydrolase isoform 1b (LIS1), ST8SIA4 | Proliferation and invasion | [90,106] |
| miR-590-3p | Sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor 1 (SIP1) | Invasion, migration, and EMT | [107] |
| miR-101 | Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), E2F transcription factor 8 (E2F8) | Angiogenesis and proliferation | [108,109] |
| miR-26b-5p | S100 calcium-binding protein A7 (S100A7) | Proliferation, migration, and invasion | [110] |
| miR-1182 | NUAK1 (also known as ARK5) | Invasion, migration, and autophagy | [111] |
| let-7a | NUAK1 | Invasion, migration, and autophagy | [111] |
| miR-874 | Cyclin E1 (CCNE1) | Invasion and EMT | [112] |
| miR-885-5p | Insulin like growth factor 2 mRNA binding protein 1 (IGF2BP1), Polypeptide N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferase 3 (GALNT3) | Proliferation and metastasis | [113] |
| miR-622 | C-MYC | Proliferation, migration, and invasion | [114] |
| miR-320 | Neuropilin-1 (NRP-1) | Proliferation, invasion, and angiogenesis | [115] |
| miR-200b/c | SUZ12 Polycomb repressive complex 2 subunit (SUZ12)/Rho associated coiled-coil containing protein kinase 2 (ROCK2) | Tumorigenesis and metastasis | [116] |