. 2021 Jul 5;10(7):1558. doi: 10.3390/foods10071558

Table 3.

Serum glucose and insulin concentrations during oral glucose tolerance test with 75 g glucose.

Time	ARC Group (n = 37)				Placebo Group (n = 39)
Time	Baseline	12-Week	Change Value	p Value ⁽²⁾	Baseline	12-Week	Change Value	p Value ⁽²⁾	p Value ⁽³⁾	Adjusted p Value ⁽⁴⁾
Serum glucose (mg/dL)
0 min	105.5 ± 9.2 ⁽¹⁾	105.1 ± 10.2	−0.37 ± 9.7	0.817	108.6 ± 10.7	108.7 ± 15.0	0.09 ± 12.8	0.964	0.859	0.859
30 min	173.5 ± 32.2	175.1 ± 29.4	1.57 ± 27.4	0.729	182.1 ± 23.7	182.1 ± 30.3	0.03 ± 26.1	0.995	0.802	0.802
60 min	172.4 ± 46.2	168.3 ± 43.9	−4.09 ± 29.4	0.402	187.1 ± 45.4	194.6 ± 45.4	7.48 ± 42.2	0.276	0.168	0.172
90 min	153.0 ± 48.1	159.2 ± 48.3	6.17 ± 30.7	0.229	168.0 ± 53.0	173.0 ± 52.2	4.97 ± 38.3	0.422	0.881	0.881
120 min	137.7 ± 49.3	138.0 ± 49.7	0.33 ± 30.8	0.949	150.7 ± 46.0	158.6 ± 49.3	7.89 ± 44.2	0.272	0.388	0.392
p value				<0.001 ⁽⁵⁾				<0.001 ⁽⁵⁾	0.043 ⁽⁶⁾	0.043 ⁽⁷⁾
Serum insulin (uU/mL)
0 min	8.36 ± 7.83	5.29 ± 2.17	−3.07 ± 7.06	0.012	8.13 ± 4.74	8.18 ± 8.04	0.05 ± 6.12	0.962	0.043	0.043
30 min	44.8 ± 36.1	44.4 ± 27.9	−0.39 ± 24.9	0.925	50.0 ± 41.5	50.8 ± 33.9	0.73 ± 24.8	0.856	0.846	0.846
60 min	43.0 ± 20.0	40.9 ± 22.3	−2.11 ± 24.5	0.603	56.3 ± 35.7	59.5 ± 37.1	3.18 ± 32.9	0.55	0.431	0.431
90 min	38.3 ± 20.2	46.1 ± 31.6	7.79 ± 29.6	0.118	51.0 ± 30.2	51.4 ± 32.5	0.34 ± 30.9	0.946	0.287	0.287
120 min	37.6 ± 30.8	34.4 ± 22.8	−3.19 ± 33.2	0.563	42.1 ± 26.0	46.3 ± 27.7	4.15 ± 31.2	0.41	0.323	0.323
p value				<0.001 ⁽⁵⁾				<0.001 ⁽⁵⁾	0.162 ⁽⁶⁾	0.162 ⁽⁷⁾
Area under curve
Glucose (mg*min/dL)	6011 ± 3531	6137 ± 3284	126.6 ± 2188	0.727	6991 ± 3114	7471 ± 3428	480.0 ± 2714	0.276	0.535	0.535
Insulin	3477 ± 1819	3904 ± 1842	426.3 ± 1733	0.143	4499 ± 2755	4708 ± 2911	209.2 ± 2308	0.575	0.646	0.646
(μU*min/mL)	3477 ± 1819	3904 ± 1842	426.3 ± 1733	0.143	4499 ± 2755	4708 ± 2911	209.2 ± 2308	0.575	0.646	0.646

⁽¹⁾ Values are presented as mean ± SD ⁽²⁾ Analyzed by paired t-test between baseline and 12 weeks within the group ⁽³⁾ Analyzed by independent t-test for the changed values from baseline to 12-week between the AGM and placebo groups between groups ⁽⁴⁾ Analyzed by ANCOVA for the changed values from baseline to 12-week between the AGM and placebo groups between groups after adjusting with the baseline of body weight ⁽⁵⁾ Analyzed by linear mixed model for repeated measure data differences within a group ⁽⁶⁾ Analyzed by linear mixed model for repeated measure data differences within a group ⁽⁷⁾ Analyzed by linear mixed model for repeated measure data differences between groups after adjusting for baseline body weight AGM, Mixture of Aronia, red ginseng, Shiitake mushroom, and nattokinase.