. 2021 Jul 5;10(7):1558. doi: 10.3390/foods10071558

Table 4.

Changes of HbA1c, C-peptide, indexes of insulin sensitivity and β-cell function, and adiponectin.

Time	ARC Group (n = 37)				Placebo Group (n = 39)
Time	Baseline	12-Week	Change Value	p Value ⁽²⁾	Baseline	12-Week	Change Value	p Value ⁽²⁾	p Value ⁽³⁾	Adjusted p Value ⁽⁴⁾
HbA1c (%)	5.52 ± 0.38 ⁽¹⁾	5.57 ± 0.38	0.05 ± 0.20	0.141	5.63 ± 0.30	5.63 ± 0.42	0.00 ± 0.29	0.971	0.373	0.377
C-peptide (ng/mL)	2.40 ± 1.10	1.90 ± 0.53	−0.49 ± 1.00	0.005	2.49 ± 1.03	2.30 ± 1.10	−0.19 ± 0.71	0.108	0.132	0.128
HOMA-IR	2.24 ± 2.31	1.39 ± 0.60	−0.85 ± 2.14	0.020	2.19 ± 1.35	2.26 ± 2.56	0.07 ± 1.92	0.812	0.049	0.049
Matsuda index	6.32 ± 3.65	6.90 ± 4.04	0.58 ± 3.28	0.289	5.12 ± 2.63	5.32 ± 3.07	0.20 ± 2.77	0.651	0.588	0.588
HOMA-B	69.2 ± 54.8	46.4 ± 19.5	−22.8 ± 46.2	0.005	66.9 ± 41.0	64.2 ± 46.1	−2.77 ± 39.0	0.661	0.044	0.044
Oral disposition index	2.76 ± 1.73	3.60 ± 2.59	0.84 ± 2.27	0.031	2.26 ± 1.25	2.70 ± 2.82	0.43 ± 2.24	0.234	0.433	0.433
Serum adiponectin (ng/mL)	55.2 ± 37.1	55.3 ± 38.1	0.13 ± 12.7	0.95	49.4 ± 44.5	45.9 ± 39.2	−3.42 ± 10.6	0.052	0.19	0.19

⁽¹⁾ Values are presented as mean ± SD. ⁽²⁾ Analyzed by paired t-test between baseline and 12 weeks within the group ⁽³⁾ Analyzed by independent t-test for the changed values from baseline to 12-week between the AGM and placebo groups between groups ⁽⁴⁾ Analyzed by ANCOVA for the changed values from baseline to 12-week between the AGM and placebo groups between groups after adjusting with body weight at baseline. AGM, Mixture of Aronia, red ginseng, Shiitake mushroom, and nattokinase; HbA1C, hemoglobin A1c; CRP, C-reactive protein; HOMA-IR, homeostatic model assessment for insulin resistance; HOMB-B, homeostasis model assessment of β-cell function.