Table 1.
General Characteristics of Participants.
| Characteristics | Total Participants | p-Value | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Total | Hyperuricemia | Control | ||
| Total (n) | 167,752 (100.0) | 11,750 (100.0) | 156,002 (100.0) | |
| Age (mean, SD, y) | 53.1 (8.3) | 54.9 (8.7) | 53.0 (8.3) | <0.001 * |
| Sex (n, %) | <0.001 * | |||
| Men | 57,596 (34.3) | 7757 (66.0) | 49,839 (31.9) | |
| Women | 110,156 (65.7) | 3993 (34.0) | 106,163 (68.1) | |
| BMI (mean, SD, kg/m2) | 23.9 (2.9) | 25.5 (3.0) | 23.8 (2.9) | <0.001 * |
| Income (n, %) | <0.001 * | |||
| Missing, no response | 26,423 (15.8) | 2069 (17.6) | 24,354 (15.6) | |
| Lowest | 45,908 (27.4) | 3231 (27.5) | 42,677 (27.4) | |
| Middle | 60,465 (36.0) | 4014 (34.2) | 56,451 (36.2) | |
| Highest | 34,956 (20.8) | 2436 (20.7) | 32,520 (20.8) | |
| Smoking status (n, %) | <0.001 * | |||
| Nonsmoker | 122,197 (72.8) | 5755 (49.0) | 116,442 (74.6) | |
| Past smoker | 24,651 (14.7) | 3499 (29.8) | 21,152 (13.6) | |
| Current smoker | 20,904 (12.5) | 2496 (21.2) | 18,408 (11.8) | |
| Alcohol consumption (n, %) | <0.001 * | |||
| Non drinker | 85,200 (50.8) | 3988 (33.9) | 81,212 (52.1) | |
| Past drinker | 6607 (3.9) | 732 (6.2) | 5875 (3.8) | |
| Current drinker | 75,945 (45.3) | 7030 (59.8) | 68,915 (44.2) | |
| Hypertension | 37,362 (22.3) | 4757 (40.5) | 32,605 (20.9) | <0.001 * |
| Diabetes mellitus | 13,243 (7.9) | 1237 (10.5) | 12,006 (7.7) | <0.001 * |
| Hyperlipidemia | 22,122 (13.2) | 2027 (17.3) | 20,095 (12.9) | <0.001 * |
| Nutritional intake | ||||
| Total calories (kcal/d) | 1758.6 (590.1) | 1786.4 (595.9) | 1756.5 (589.6) | <0.001 * |
| Protein (g/d) | 59.9 (27.1) | 61.1 (27.6) | 59.8 (27.1) | <0.001 * |
| Fat (g/d) | 28.2 (18.7) | 29.0 (19.0) | 28.1 (18.6) | <0.001 * |
| Carbohydrate (g/d) | 312.2 (96.5) | 315.5 (96.6) | 312.0 (96.5) | <0.001 * |
| Frequency of coffee | <0.001 * | |||
| No drink | 71,674 (16.7) | 1744 (14.8) | 26,327 (16.9) | |
| 1 time (m) though 6 times (w) | 27,483 (21.6) | 2438 (20.7) | 33,745 (21.6) | |
| 1–2 times (d) | 47,595 (42.2) | 4877 (41.5) | 65,876 (42.2) | |
| ≥3 times (d) | 21,000 (19.5) | 2691 (22.9) | 30,054 (19.3) | |
| Frequency of tea | <0.001 * | |||
| No drink | 71,674 (42.7) | 4680 (39.8) | 66,994 (42.9) | |
| 1 time (m) though 6 times (w) | 27,483 (16.4) | 1846 (15.7) | 25,637 (16.4) | |
| 1–2 times (d) | 47,595 (28.4) | 3391 (28.9) | 44,204 (28.3) | |
| ≥3 times (d) | 21,000 (12.5) | 1833 (15.6) | 19,167 (12.3) | |
| Frequency of soda drink | <0.001 * | |||
| No drink | 66,392 (39.6) | 4534 (38.6) | 61,858 (39.7) | |
| 1 time (m) though 6 times (w) | 72,468 (43.2) | 4921 (41.9) | 67,547 (43.3) | |
| 1–2 times (d) | 22,641 (13.5) | 1744 (14.8) | 20,897 (13.4) | |
| ≥3 times (d) | 6251 (3.7) | 551 (4.7) | 5700 (3.7) | |
d: day; w: week; m: month; * Independent t-test or Chi-square test. Significance at p < 0.05.