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. 2021 Jul 13;14(14):3909. doi: 10.3390/ma14143909

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© 2021 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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(A) After 4 and 8 weeks of implantation, H&E staining images showed new bone development in the calvarial defect area; (B) Representative micro-CT images of rat calvarial defects treated with or without OE-MSCs after 4 and 8 weeks; (C) The relative areas of fresh bone formation in three experimental groups, as determined by histological examination, (n = 5, * p < 0.05; ** p < 0.01; *** p < 0.001; **** p < 0.0001). Human OE-MSCs encapsulated in 7 mg/mL collagen hydrogel regenerate calvarial bone in vivo; (D) In rat calvarial defect models, summarized data showing new bone tissue volume/total defect volume (BV/TV) for newly developed bone tissue.