Table 1.
Prevalence of cyberbullying exposure among school-aged children in Serbia, 2017.
| Variables | Sample * n (%) |
Cyberbullying Exposure Prevalence (%) and (95% CI) | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| At Least Once | Multiple Times | Total | ||
| Individual characteristics | ||||
| 1. Gender | 3267 (100) | |||
| Boys | 1633 (51.3) | 6.9 (5.6–8.1) | 3.9 (3.0–4.9) | 10.8 (9.3–12.3) |
| Girls | 1553 (48.7) | 10.6 (9.1–12.2) | 2.4 (1.7–3.2) | 13.1 (11.4–14.7) |
| Pearson Chi-square p | 0.156 | <0.001 | 0.018 | 0.045 |
| 2. Age, years | 3186 (100) | |||
| mean ± standard deviation | 14.2 ± 1.71 | |||
| 11–12 | 854 (26.8) | 5.3 (3.8–6.8) | 2.6 (1.5–3.6) | 7.8 (6.0–9.6) |
| 13–14 | 931 (29.2) | 10.3 (8.4–12.3) | 3.2 (2.1–4.4) | 13.5 (11.3–15.7) |
| 15–17 | 1401 (44.0) | 9.7 (8.2–11.3) | 3.6 (2.6–4.5) | 13.3 (11.5–15.1) |
| Pearson Chi-square p | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.430 | <0.001 |
| 3. School type, grade | 3186 (100) | |||
| Primary, V grade | 876 (27.5) | 5.3 (3.8–6.7) | 2.9 (1.8–4.0) | 8.1 (6.3–9.9) |
| Primary, VII grade | 922 (28.9) | 10.6 (8.6–12.6) | 2.9 (1.8–4.0) | 13.6 (11.3–15.8) |
| Gymnasium, I grade | 342 (10.7) | 10.5 (7.3–13.8) | 4.4 (2.2–6.6) | 14.9 (11.1–18.7) |
| Vocational school, I grade | 1046 (32.8) | 9.3 (7.5–11.0) | 3.3 (2.3–4.4) | 12.6 (10.6–14.6) |
| Pearson Chi-square p | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.535 | <0.001 |
| 4. Life satisfaction | 3149 (100) | |||
| Very bad | 28 (0.9) | 7.1 (−2.4–16.7) | 14.3 (1.3–27.2) | 21.4 (6.2–36.6) |
| Bad | 62 (2.0) | 17.7 (8.2–27.3) | 6.5 (0.3–12.6) | 24.2 (13.5–34.9) |
| Average | 520 (16.5) | 14.2 (11.2–17.2) | 3.5 (1.9–5.0) | 17.7 (14.4–21.0) |
| Good | 1046 (33.2) | 9.8 (8.0–11.5) | 2.5 (1.5–3.4) | 12.2 (10.3–14.2) |
| Very good | 1493 (47.4) | 5.4 (4.2–6.5) | 3.1 (2.3–4.0) | 8.5 (7.1–9.9) |
| Pearson Chi-square p | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.004 | <0.001 |
| 5. Region | 3186 (100) | |||
| Belgrade | 681 (21.4) | 8.8 (6.7–10.9) | 4.0 (2.5–5.4) | 12.8 (10.3–15.3) |
| Vojvodina | 732 (23.0) | 8.5 (6.5–10.5) | 3.6 (2.2–4.9) | 12.0 (9.7–14.4) |
| Sumadija and Western Serbia | 1078 (33.8) | 7.5 (5.9–9.1) | 2.5 (1.6–3.4) | 10.0 (8.2–11.8) |
| Southern and Eastern Serbia | 695 (21.8) | 10.6 (8.4–12.9) | 3.2 (1.9–4.5) | 13.8 (11.2–16.4) |
| Pearson Chi-square p | <0.001 | 0.152 | 0.353 | 0.087 |
| Family characteristics | ||||
| Family size (number of members) | 3001 (100) | |||
| Mean ± standard deviation | 4.81 ± 1.40 | |||
| 2–3 members | 388 (12.9) | 9.0 (6.2–11.9) | 3.4 (1.6–5.1) | 12.4 (9.1–15.6) |
| 4–5 members | 1768 (58.9) | 9.1 (7.8–10.4) | 2.7 (1.9–3.4) | 11.8 (10.3–13.3) |
| 6–7 members | 748 (24.9) | 8.7 (6.7–10.7) | 2.5 (1.4–3.7) | 11.2 (9.0–13.5) |
| Eight and more members | 97 (3.2) | 8.2 (2.8–13.7) | 4.1 (0.2–8.1) | 12.4 (5.8–18.9) |
| Pearson Chi-square p | <0.001 | 0.175 | 0.711 | 0.945 |
| Live with | 3001 (100) | |||
| Both parents | 2540 (84.6) | 8.6 (7.5–9.7) | 2.8 (2.2–3.4) | 11.4 (10.1–12.6) |
| One parent | 368 (12.3) | 10.9 (7.7–14.0) | 3.0 (1.2–4.7) | 13.9 (10.3–17.4) |
| One parent and stepfather/mother | 58 (1.9) | 6.9 (0.4–13.4) | 1.7 (−1.6–5.1) | 8.6 (1.4–15.8) |
| Relatives/Legal guardians | 35 (1.2) | 11.4 (0.9–22.0) | 0 | 11.4 (0.9–22.0) |
| Pearson Chi-square p | <0.001 | 0.450 | 0.728 | 0.485 |
| Have brothers and sisters | 3046 (100) | |||
| None | 350 (11.5) | 9.1 (6.1–12.2) | 2.6 (0.9–4.2) | 11.7 (8.3–15.1) |
| One | 1698 (55.7) | 9.3 (7.9–10.7) | 2.8 (2.0–3.5) | 12.1 (10.5–13.6) |
| Two or more | 998 (32.8) | 7.4 (5.8–9.0) | 3.0 (1.9–4.1) | 10.4 (8.5–12.3) |
| Pearson Chi-square p | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.895 | 0.734 |
| Family affluence (FAS) | 3135 (100) | |||
| Mean ± standard deviation | 7.26 ± 2.54 | |||
| Low | 475 (15.2) | 9.5 (6.8–12.1) | 2.5(1.1–3.9) | 12.0 (9.1–14.9) |
| Average | 2020 (64.4) | 8.4 (7.2–9.6) | 3.1 (2.3–3.8) | 11.4 (10.0–12.8) |
| High | 640 (20.4) | 9.5 (7.3–11.8) | 3.8 (2.3–5.2) | 13.3 (10.7–15.9) |
| Pearson Chi-square p | <0.001 | 0.557 | 0.495 | 0.426 |
| Father’s employment | 3125 (100) | |||
| Unemployed | 418 (13.4) | 8.9 (6.1–11.6) | 3.3 (1.6–5.1) | 12.2 (9.1–15.3) |
| Employed | 2594 (83.0) | 8.8 (7.7–9.9) | 2.7 (2.1–3.4) | 11.5 (10.3–12.8) |
| Don’t know | 113 (3.6) | 9.7 (4.3–15.2) | 12.4 (6.3–18.5) | 22.1 (14.5–29.8) |
| Pearson Chi-square p | <0.001 | 0.949 | <0.001 | 0.003 |
| Mother’s employment | 3148 (100) | |||
| Unemployed | 985 (31.3) | 7.8 (6.1–9.5) | 3.1 (2.1–4.2) | 11.0 (9.0–12.9) |
| Employed | 2115 (67.2) | 9.3 (8.1–10.6) | 2.9 (2.2–3.7) | 12.2 (10.8–13.6) |
| Don’t know | 48 (1.5) | 2.1 (−2.0–6.1) | 10.4 (1.8–19.1) | 12.5 (3.1–21.9) |
| Pearson Chi-square p | <0.001 | 0.010 | 0.013 | 0.584 |
| Opinion on the family financial state | 3161 (100) | |||
| Bad | 157 (5.0) | 18.5 (12.4 –24.5) | 10.8 (6.0–15.7) | 29.3 (22.2–36.4) |
| Average | 986 (31.2) | 10.0 (8.2–11.9) | 2.7 (1.7–3.8) | 12.8 (10.7–14.9) |
| Good | 2018 (63.8) | 7.4 (6.2–8.5) | 2.8 (2.1–3.5) | 10.2 (8.8–11.5) |
| Pearson Chi-square p | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| In my family, I think the important things are talked about | 3132 (100) | |||
| Absolutely disagree | 42 (1.3) | 14.3 (3.7–24.9) | 11.9 (2.1–21.7) | 26.2 (12.9–39.5) |
| Disagree | 62 (2.0) | 19.4 (9.5–29.2) | 3.2 (-1.2–7.6) | 22.6 (12.2–33.0) |
| Neither agree nor disagree | 286 (9.1) | 9.4 (6.1–12.8) | 5.2 (2.7–7.8) | 14.7 (10.6–18.8) |
| Agree | 952 (30.4) | 9.5 (7.6–11.3) | 1.8 (0.9–2.6) | 11.2 (9.2–13.2) |
| Absolutely agree | 1790 (57.2) | 7.8 (6.6–9.1) | 3.3 (2.5–4.1) | 11.1 (9.7–12.6) |
| Pearson Chi-square p | <0.001 | 0.011 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| In my family, when I speak someone listens to what I say | 3119 (100) | |||
| Absolutely disagree | 73 (2.3) | 13.7 (5.8–21.6) | 5.5 (0.3–10.7) | 19.2 (10.1–28.2) |
| Disagree | 108 (3.5) | 12.0 (5.9–18.2) | 4.6 (0.7–8.6) | 16.7 (9.6–23.7) |
| Neither agree nor disagree | 289 (9.3) | 10.0 (6.6–13.5) | 4.2 (1.9–6.5) | 14.2 (10.2–18.2) |
| Agree | 1014 (32.5) | 10.5 (8.6–12.3) | 2.6 (1.6–3.5) | 13.0 (10.9–15.1) |
| Absolutely agree | 1635 (52.4) | 7.2 (5.9–8.4) | 2.9 (2.1–3.8) | 10.1 (8.6–11.6) |
| Pearson Chi-square p | <0.001 | 0.012 | 0.349 | 0.008 |
| In my family, when I don’t understand something, we ask questions | 3119 (100) | |||
| Absolutely disagree | 38 (1.2) | 10.5 (0.8–20.3) | 18.8 (4.2–27.4) | 26.3 (12.3–40.3) |
| Disagree | 65 (2.1) | 20.0 (10.3–29.7) | 4.6 (−0.5–9.7) | 24.6 (14.1–35.1) |
| Neither agree nor disagree | 228 (7.3) | 11.4 (7.3–15.5) | 6.6 (3.4–9.8) | 18.0 (13.0–23.0) |
| Agree | 996 (31.9) | 8.5 (6.8–10.3) | 2.5 (1.5–3.5) | 11.0 (9.1–13.0) |
| Absolutely agree | 1792 (57.5) | 8.2 (6.9–9.5) | 2.7 (1.9–3.4) | 10.9 (9.4–12.3) |
| Pearson Chi-square p | <0.001 | 0.010 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| In my family, when there is disagreement, we talk until it is resolved | 3115 (100) | |||
| Absolutely disagree | 78 (2.5) | 12.8 (5.4–20.2) | 11.5 (4.4–18.6) | 24.4 (14.8–33.9) |
| Disagree | 134 (4.3) | 14.2 (8.3–20.1) | 3.7 (0.5–6.9) | 17.9 (11.4–24.4) |
| Neither agree nor disagree | 289 (9.3) | 11.1 (7.5–14.7) | 3.8 (1.6–6.0) | 14.9 (10.8–10.8) |
| Agree | 825 (26.5) | 9.6 (7.6–11.6) | 2.1 (1.1–3.0) | 11.6 (9.4–13.8) |
| Absolutely agree | 1789 (57.4) | 7.4 (6.2–8.6) | 3.0 (2.2–3.7) | 10.4 (9.0–11.8) |
| Pearson Chi-square p | <0.001 | 0.013 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| Can you talk with further family members about the things that bother you? | ||||
| Father | 2935 (100) | |||
| Very easy | 1472 (47.3) | 6.3 (5.1–7.6) | 3.2 (2.3–4.1) | 9.5 (8.0–11.0) |
| Easy | 879 (28.2) | 9.9 (7.9–11.9) | 1.3 (0.5–2.0) | 11.1 (9.1–13.2) |
| Hard | 388 (12.5) | 12.1 (8.9–15.4) | 5.2 (3.0–7.4) | 17.3 (13.5–21.0) |
| Very hard | 196 (6.3) | 15.8 (10.7–20.9) | 5.6 (2.4–8.8) | 21.4 (15.7–27.2) |
| Pearson Chi-square p | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| Step-father | 188 (100) | |||
| Very easy | 74 (3.3) | 8.1 (1.9–14.3) | 8.1 (1.9–14.3) | 16.2 (7.8–24.6) |
| Easy | 52 (2.3) | 9.6 (1.6–17.6) | 5.8 (−0.6–12.1) | 15.4 (5.6–25.2) |
| Hard | 29 (1.3) | 10.3 (−0.7–21.4) | 13.8 (1.2–26.3) | 24.1 (8.6–39.7) |
| Very hard | 33 (1.5) | 15.2 (2.9–27.4) | 15.2 (2.9–27.4) | 30.3 (14.6–46.0) |
| Pearson Chi-square p | <0.001 | 0.737 | 0.418 | 0.274 |
| Mother | 3048 (100) | |||
| Very easy | 2088 (67.3) | 7.5 (6.4–8.7) | 2.7 (2.0–3.4) | 10.2 (8.9–11.5) |
| Easy | 682 (22.0) | 10.1 (7.9–12.4) | 3.7 (2.3–5.1) | 13.8 (11.2–16.4) |
| Hard | 196 (6.3) | 17.9 (12.5–23.2) | 4.1 (1.3–6.9) | 21.9 (16.1–27.7) |
| Very hard | 82 (2.6) | 12.2 (5.1–19.3) | 6.1 (0.9–11.3) | 18.3 (9.9–26.7) |
| Pearson Chi-square p | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.168 | <0.001 |
| Step-mother | 149 (100) | |||
| Very easy | 63 (2.8) | 15.9 (6.8–24.9) | 3.2 (−1.2–7.5) | 19.0 (9.4–28.7) |
| Easy | 38 (1.7) | 5.3 (−1.8–12.4) | 5.3 (−1.8–12.4) | 10.5 (0.8–20.3) |
| Hard | 18 (0.8) | 5.6 (−5.0–16.1) | 33.3 (11.6–55.1) | 38.9 (16.4–61.4) |
| Very hard | 30 (1.3) | 10.0 (−0.7–20.7) | 20.0 (5.7–34.3) | 30.0 (13.6–46.4) |
| Pearson Chi-square p | <0.001 | 0.328 | <0.001 | 0.059 |
| My family is trying really to help me | 3128 (100) | |||
| Absolutely disagree | 177 (5.7) | 9.0 (4.8–13.3) | 7.9 (3.9–11.9) | 16.9 (11.4–22.5) |
| Disagree | 98 (3.1) | 15.3 (8.2–22.4) | 8.2 (2.7–13.6) | 23.5 (15.1–31.9) |
| Neither agree nor disagree | 91 (2.9) | 9.9 (3.8–16.0) | 4.4 (0.2–8.6) | 14.3 (7.1–21.5) |
| Agree | 357 (11.4) | 15.7 (11.9–19.5) | 2.2 (0.7–3.8) | 17.9 (13.9–21.9) |
| Absolutely agree | 2405 (76.9) | 7.4 (6.4–8.4) | 2.5 (1.9–3.1) | 9.9 (8.7–11.1) |
| Pearson Chi-square p | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| I receive from my family necessary emotional help and support | 3110 (100) | |||
| Absolutely disagree | 186 (6.0) | 6.5 (2.9–10.0) | 8.1 (4.2–12.0) | 14.5 (9.5–19.6) |
| Disagree | 127 (4.1) | 15.0 (8.8–21.2) | 6.3 (2.1–10.5) | 21.3 (14.1–28.4) |
| Neither agree nor disagree | 98 (3.2) | 18.4 (10.7–26.0) | 2.0 (−0.8–4.8) | 20.4 (12.4–28.4) |
| Agree | 460 (14.8) | 13.3 (10.2–16.4) | 2.4 (1.0–3.8) | 15.7 (12.3–19.0) |
| Absolutely agree | 2239 (72.0) | 7.4 (6.3–8.5) | 2.5 (1.8–3.1) | 9.9 (8.6–11.1) |
| Pearson Chi-square p | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| With my family I can talk about my problems | 3112 (100) | |||
| Absolutely disagree | 195 (6.3) | 10.8 (6.4–15.1) | 8.2 (4.4–12.1) | 19.0 (13.5–24.5) |
| Disagree | 172 (5.5) | 11.0 (6.4–15.7) | 3.5 (0.7–6.2) | 14.5 (9.3–19.8) |
| Neither agree nor disagree | 117 (3.8) | 14.5 (8.1–20.9) | 6.8 (2.3–11.4) | 21.4 (13.9–28.8) |
| Agree | 521 (16.7) | 14.2 (11.2–17.2) | 1.9 (0.7–3.1) | 16.1 (13.0–19.3) |
| Absolutely agree | 2107 (67.7) | 6.9 (5.8–8.0) | 2.5 (1.8–3.2) | 9.4 (8.2–10.6) |
| Pearson Chi-square p | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| My family is ready to help me in decision making | 3115 (100) | |||
| Absolutely disagree | 177 (5.7) | 7.9 (3.9–11.9) | 9.0 (4.8–13.3) | 16.9 (11.4–22.5) |
| Disagree | 97 (3.1) | 15.5 (8.3–22.7) | 4.1 (0.2–8.1) | 19.6 (11.7–27.5) |
| Neither agree nor disagree | 79 (2.5) | 11.4 (4.4–18.4) | 5.1 (0.2–9.9) | 16.5 (8.3–24.6) |
| Agree | 417 (13.4) | 14.9 (11.5–18.3) | 2.6 (1.1–4.2) | 17.5 (13.9–21.2) |
| Absolutely agree | 2345 (75.3) | 7.5 (6.4–8.6) | 2.5 (1.8–1.1) | 10.0 (8.8–11.2) |
| Pearson Chi-square p | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
* Response rate range 91.7–97.5%.