Table 3.
Individual and family characteristics associated with cyberbullying exposure among school-aged children in Serbia, 2017: Univariate logistic regression models, OR (95% CI).
| Individual and Family Characteristics | Models of Cyberbullying Exposure, OR (95% CI) | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| Model 1: None versus at Least Once | Model 2: None versus Multiple | Model 3: at Least Once versus Multiple | |
| Individual characteristics | |||
| Gender | |||
| Boys | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| Girls | 1.59 (1.24–2.04) ** | 0.64 (0.43–0.96) * | 0.40 (0.25–0.64) ** |
| Age years | |||
| 11–12 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| 13–14 | 2.09 (1.44–3.01) ** | 1.33 (0.76–2.33) | 0.64 (0.33–1.23) |
| 15–17 | 1.96 (1.38–2.77) ** | 1.47 (0.89–2.45) | 0.75 (0.41–1.38) |
| School type, grade | |||
| Primary, V grade | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| Primary, VII grade | 2.15 (1.50–3.10) ** | 1.09 (0.63–1.90) | 0.51 (0.27–0.97) * |
| Gymnasium, I grade | 2.1 (1.37–3.42) ** | 1.66 (0.86–3.19) | 0.77 (0.35–1.66) |
| Vocational school, I grade | 1.86 (1.29–2.67) ** | 1.23 (0.73–2.08) | 0.66 (0.36–1.24) |
| Life satisfaction | |||
| Very bad | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| Bad | 2.57 (0.53–12.6) | 0.47 (0.11–2.05) | 0.29 (0.05–1.67) |
| Average | 1.90 (0.44–8.26) | 0.23 (0.07–0.74) * | 0.18 (0.02–1.41) |
| Good | 1.22 (0.28–5.27) | 0.16 (0.05–0.48) ** | 0.13 (0.02–0.73) * |
| Very good | 0.64 (0.15–2.79) | 0.19 (0.06–0.57) ** | 0.12 (0.02–0.72) * |
| Family characteristics | |||
| Family size (number of members) | |||
| 2–3 members | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| 4–5 members | 1.00 (0.68–1.47) | 0.79 (0.42–1.47) | 0.79 (0.38–1.61) |
| 6–7 members | 0.95 (0.62–0.46) | 0.75 (0.37–1.53) | 0.79 (0.35–1.78) |
| Eight and more members | 0.55 (0.21–1.45) | 1.19 (0.38–3.74) | 2.15 (0.50–9.28) |
| Live with | |||
| Both parents | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| One parent | 1.30 (0.91–1.86) | 1.10 (0.58–2.10) | 0.84 (0.41–1.73) |
| One parent, stepfather/mother | 0.78 (0.28–2.17) | 0.60 (0.08–4.39) | 0.77 (0.08–6.98) |
| Relatives/legal guardians | 1.33 (0.47–3.81) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) |
| Have brothers and sisters | |||
| None | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| One | 1.02 (0.69–1.52) | 1.08 (0.52–2.23) | 1.06 (0.47–2.37) |
| Two or more | 0.80 (0.52–1.23) | 1.15 (0.54–2.45) | 1.44 (0.62–3.38) |
| Family affluence (FAS) | |||
| Low | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| Average | 0.88 (0.62–1.24) | 1.21 (0.65–2.26) | 1.38 (0.68–2.77) |
| High | 1.02 (0.68–1.53) | 1.51 (0.75–3.05) | 1.48 (0.67–3.26) |
| Father’s employment | |||
| Unemployed | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| Employed | 0.99 (0.68–1.42) | 0.81 (0.45–1.45) | 0.82 (0.42–1.61) |
| Don’t know | 1.24 (0.61–2.53) | 4.17 (1.92–9.07) ** | 3.36 (1.24–9.15) * |
| Mother’s employment | |||
| Unemployed | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| Employed | 1.21 (0.92–1.59) | 0.95 (0.61–1.47) | 0.78 (0.47–1.30) |
| Don’t know | 0.27 (0.04–1.99) | 3.36 (1.25–9.10)* | 12.40 (1.39–110.60) * |
| Perception of family financial status | |||
| Bad | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| Average | 0.44 (0.28–0.70) ** | 0.21 (0.11–0.39) ** | 0.64 (0.33–1.26) |
| Good | 0.32 (0.20–0.49) ** | 0.20 (0.11–0.36) ** | 0.47 (0.22–0.97)* |
| In my family, I think the important things are talked about | |||
| Absolutely disagree | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| Disagree | 1.29 (0.44–3.80) | 0.26 (0.05–1.42) | 0.20 (0.03–1.35) |
| Neither agree nor disagree | 0.57 (0.22–1.49) | 0.38 (0.13–1.12) | 0.67 (0.17–2.56) |
| Agree | 055 (0.22–1.36) | 0.23 (0.09–0.61) ** | 0.51 (0.15–1.72) |
| Absolutely agree | 0.46 (0.19–1.11) | 0.13 (0.04–0.36) ** | 0.23 (0.06–0.83) * |
| In my family, when I speak, someone listens to what I say | |||
| Absolutely disagree | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| Disagree | 0.85 (0.35–2.07) | 0.82 (0.21–3.18) | 0.96 (0.20–4.54) |
| Neither agree nor disagree | 0.69 (0.32–1.49) | 0.71 (0.22–2.29) | 1.03 (0.27–3.95) |
| Agree | 0.71 (0.35–1.43) | 0.44 (0.15–1.29) | 0.61 (0.18–2.11) |
| Absolutely agree | 0.47 (0.23–0.94) * | 0.48 (0.17–1.38) | 1.03 (0.31–3.43) |
| In my family, when I don’t understand something, we ask questions | |||
| Absolutely disagree | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| Disagree | 1.86 (0.55–6.25) | 0.29 (0.07–1.23) | 0.39 (0.09–1.59) |
| Neither agree nor disagree | 0.97 (0.32–3.00) | 0.37 (0.13–1.05) | 0.22 (0.06–0.80) * |
| Agree | 0.67 (0.23–1.96) | 0.13 (0.05–0.35) ** | 0.20 (0.05–0.75) * |
| Absolutely agree | 0.64 (0.22–1.86) | 0.14 (0.06–0.36) ** | 0.15 (0.03–0.91) * |
| In my family, when there is disagreement, we talk until it is resolved | |||
| Absolutely disagree | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| Disagree | 1.02 (0.44–2.33) | 0.30 (0.10–0.93) | 0.29 (0.08–1.11) |
| Neither agree nor disagree | 0.77 (0.36–1.65) | 0.29 (0.12–0.74) ** | 0.38 (0.12–1.18) |
| Agree | 0.64 (0.32–1.30) | 0.22 (0.10–0.46) ** | 0.44 (0.17–1.15) |
| Absolutely agree | 0.49 (0.25–0.98) * | 0.15 (0.07–0.36) ** | 0.24 (0.08–0.68) ** |
| In the family, can you talk with further family members about the things that bother you? | |||
| Father | |||
| Very easy | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| Easy | 1.60 (1.18–2.17) ** | 0.40 (0.21–0.77) | 1.42 (0.66–3.08) |
| Hard | 2.10 (1.45–3.04) ** | 1.77 (1.03–3.02) * | 1.36 (1.14–1.90) |
| Very hard | 2.88 (1.86–4.47) ** | 2.02 (1.03–3.99) * | 1.20 (0.51–2.85) |
| Step-father | |||
| Very easy | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| Easy | 1.17 (0.34–4.09) | 0.71 (0.17–2.97) | 0.60 (0.10–3.72) |
| Hard | 1.41 (0.32–6.12) | 1.88 (0.48–7.29) | 1.33 (0.20–8.71) |
| Very hard | 2.25 (0.63–8.08) | 2.25 (0.63–8.08) | 1.00 (0.19–5.36) |
| Mother | |||
| Very easy | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| Easy | 0.56 (0.28–1.11) | 1.42 (0.88–2.30) | 1.02 (0.59–1.76) |
| Hard | 0.79 (0.39–1.60) | 1.75 (0.82–3.74) | 0.64 (0.28–1.46) |
| Very hard | 1.53 (0.72–3.28) | 2.50 (0.97–6.44) | 1.40 (0.46–4.28) |
| Step-mother | |||
| Very easy | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| Easy | 0.30 (0.06–1.46) | 1.50 (0.20–11.2) | 5.00 (0.42–59.7) |
| Hard | 0.46 (0.05–4.01) | 7.29 (1.36–39.1) | 10.0 (1.28–78.1) |
| Very hard | 0.73 (0.18–2.92) | 13.9 (2.47–78.3) | 30.0 (2.22–405.9) |
| My family is trying really to help me | |||
| Absolutely disagree | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| Disagree | 1.84 (0.86–3.92) | 1.12 (0.45–2.79) | 0.61 (0.20–1.87) |
| Neither agree nor disagree | 1.06 (0.45–2.51) | 0.54 (0.17–1.69) | 0.51 (0.13–2.02) |
| Agree | 1.76 (0.97–3.17) | 0.29 (0.12–0.70) ** | 0.39 (0.18–0.84) * |
| Absolutely agree | 0.76 (0.44–1.29) | 0.29 (0.16–0.53) ** | 0.16 (0.06–0.46) ** |
| I receive from my family necessary emotional help and support | |||
| Absolutely disagree | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| Disagree | 0.92 (0.50–1.69) | 0.85 (0.35–2.07) | 0.34 (0.11–1.03) |
| Neither agree nor disagree | 2.81 (1.64–4.80) ** | 0.27 (0.06–1.22) | 0.27 (0.12–0.60) ** |
| Agree | 2.31 (1.38–3.87) ** | 0.30 (0.14–0.67) ** | 0.14 (0.05–0.39) ** |
| Absolutely agree | 1.91 (1.40–2.61) ** | 0.29 (0.16–0.52) ** | 0.09 (0.02–0.46) ** |
| With my family, I can talk about my problems | |||
| Absolutely disagree | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| Disagree | 0.97 (0.50–1.88) | 0.40 (0.15–1.06) | 0.41 (0.14–1.28) |
| Neither agree nor disagree | 1.39 (0.70–2.77) | 0.86 (0.35–2.08) | 0.62 (0.21–1.79) |
| Agree | 1.27 (0.76–2.14) | 0.27 (0.15–0.49) ** | 0.48 (0.23–0.99) * |
| Absolutely agree | 0.57 (0.35–0.93) * | 0.23 (0.10–0.51) ** | 0.18 (0.07–0.45) ** |
| My family is ready to help me in decision making | |||
| Absolutely disagree | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| Disagree | 2.02 (0.93–4.40) | 0.47 (0.15–1.46) | 0.39 (0.10–1.54) |
| Neither agree nor disagree | 1.43 (0.59–3.47) | 0.56 (0.18–1.73) | 0.29 (0.13–0.63) ** |
| Agree | 1.89 (1.03–3.49) | 0.29 (0.13–0.65) ** | 0.23 (0.06–0.87) * |
| Absolutely agree | 0.88 (0.50–1.55) | 0.25 (0.14–0.45) ** | 0.16 (0.06–0.41) ** |
1 = reference; * p < 0.05; ** p <0.01.