Table 4.
Potential predictors of cyberbullying exposure OR (95% CI) among school-aged children in Serbia, 2017: Multivariate logistic regression models.
| Individual and Family Characteristics | Models of Cyberbullying Exposure, OR (95% CI) | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| Model 1: None versus at Least Once | Model 2: None versus Multiple | Model 3: at Least Once versus Multiple | |
| Individual characteristics | |||
| Gender | |||
| Boys | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| Girls | 1.63 (1.26–2.10) ** | 0.72 (0.47–1.10) | 0.44 (0.26–0.75) ** |
| Age, years | |||
| 11–12 | 1 | \ | \ |
| 13–14 | 0.98 (0.13–7.54) | \ | \ |
| 15–17 | 2.53 (0.22–29.10) | \ | \ |
| School type, grade | |||
| Primary, V grade | 1 | \ | 1 |
| Primary, VII grade | 2.05 (0.27–15.60) | \ | 0.57 (0.28–1.19) |
| Gymnasium, I grade | 0.76 (0.07–8.78) | \ | 1.18 (0.49–2.86) |
| Vocational school, I grade | 0.66 (0.06–7.53) | \ | 0.63 (0.30–1.33) |
| Life satisfaction | |||
| Very bad | \ | 1 | 1 |
| Bad | \ | 0.41 (0.07–2.20) | 0.16 (0.01–2.41) |
| Average | \ | 0.39 (0.11–1.43) | 0.13 (0.01–1.53) |
| Good | \ | 0.31 (0.09–1.11) | 0.15 (0.01–1.77) |
| Very good | \ | 0.37 (0.11–1.30) | 0.33 (0.03–3.88) |
| Family characteristics | |||
| Father’s employment | |||
| Unemployed | \ | 1 | 1 |
| Employed | \ | 1.11 (0.58–2.13) | 0.82 (0.37–1.82) |
| Don’t know | \ | 3.15 (1.25–7.92) * | 2.91 (0.78–10.8) |
| Mother’s employment | |||
| Unemployed | \ | 1 | 1 |
| Employed | \ | 0.92 (0.58–1.45) | 0.67 (0.38–1.20) |
| Don’t know | \ | 1.14 (0.34–3.82) | 2.42 (0.19–30.50) |
| Opinion on the family financial state | |||
| Bad | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| Average | 0.42 (0.26–0.67) ** | 0.28 (0.15–0.59) ** | 0.82 (0.33–2.04) |
| Good | 0.32 (0.21–0.51) ** | 0.27 (0.14–0.54) ** | 0.72 (0.29–1.78) |
| In my family, I think the important things are talked about | |||
| Absolutely disagree | \ | 1 | 1 |
| Disagree | \ | 0 (0) | 0 (0) |
| Neither agree nor disagree | \ | 0.84 (0.17–4.21) | 3.98 (0.25–63.4) |
| Agree | \ | 0.61 (0.12–3.00) | 1.33 (0.09–18.9) |
| Absolutely agree | \ | 1.10 (0.23–5.29) | 1.78 (0.13–24.9) |
| In my family, when I speak, someone listens to what I say | |||
| Absolutely disagree | 1 | \ | \ |
| Disagree | 0.82 (0.30–2.26) | \ | \ |
| Neither agree nor disagree | 0.66 (0.27–1.64) | \ | \ |
| Agree | 0.80 (0.34–1.87) | \ | \ |
| Absolutely agree | 0.77 (0.33–1.80) | \ | \ |
| In my family, when I don’t understand something, we ask questions | |||
| Absolutely disagree | \ | 1 | 1 |
| Disagree | \ | 0.75 (0.10–5.80) | 0.13 (0.00–3.91) |
| Neither agree nor disagree | \ | 0.84 (0.17–4.20) | 0.81 (0.03–25.1) |
| Agree | \ | 0.42 (0.09–2.02) | 0.29 (0.01–9.10) |
| Absolutely agree | \ | 0.41 (0.08–2.00) | 0.17 (0.01–5.59) |
| In my family, when there is disagreement, we talk until it is resolved | |||
| Absolutely disagree | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| Disagree | 1.06 (0.41–2,71) | 0.36 (0.07–1.70) | 0.09 (0.01–1.63) |
| Neither agree nor disagree | 0.79 (0.32–1.95) | 0.56 (0.15–2.10) | 0.73 (0.05–11.2) |
| Agree | 0.89 (0.37–2.12) | 0.45 (0.12–1.66) | 0.72 (0.04–12.0) |
| Absolutely agree | 1.00 (0.42–2.39) | 0.53 (0.14–1.96) | 0.79 (0.05–13.5) |
| In the family, can you talk with further family members about the things that bother you? | |||
| Father | |||
| Very easy | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| Easy | 1.36 (0.98–1.89) | 0.52 (0.25–1.09) | 0.35 (0.15–0.80) * |
| Hard | 1.07 (1.03–2.48) * | 2.26 (0.95–5.34) | 1.07 (0.47–2.44) |
| Very hard | 2.16 (1.28–3.63) ** | 2.40 (1.2–4.71) * | 0.70 (0.21–2.27) |
| My family is trying really to help me | |||
| Absolutely disagree | \ | 1 | 1 |
| Disagree | \ | 1.85 (0.36–9.51) | 4.65 (0.36–60.0) |
| Neither agree nor disagree | \ | 0.90 (0.13–6.51) | 0.83 (0.05–15.2) |
| Agree | \ | 0.66 (0.10–4.58) | 0.61 (0.05–7.41) |
| Absolutely agree | \ | 0.85 (0.14–5.11) | 1.20 (0.11–13.3) |
| I receive from my family necessary emotional help and support | |||
| Absolutely disagree | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| Disagree | 0.30 (0.12–0.81) | 0.88 (0.20–3.90) | 0.05 (0–1.00) |
| Neither agree nor disagree | 1.56 (0.77–3.13) | 0.55 (0.07–4.24) | 0.07 (0–2.32) |
| Agree | 1.58 (0.79–3.10) | 0.89 (0.16–5.09) | 0.10 (0–2.69) |
| Absolutely agree | 1.22 (0.83–1.83) | 1.07 (0.19–5.87) | 0.13 (0–3.49) |
| With my family, I can talk about my problems | |||
| Absolutely disagree | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| Disagree | 0.50 (0.20–1.27) | 0.69 (0.15–3.24) | 3.58 (0.24–53.2) |
| Neither agree nor disagree | 0.61 (0.26–1.41) | 2.33 (0.43–12.5) | 4.53 (0.29–69.7) |
| Agree | 0.32 (0.14–0.76) * | 0.93 (0.18–4.81) | 1.92 (0.12–32.0) |
| Absolutely agree | 0.31 (0.13–0.74) ** | 0.94 (0.20–4.56) | 3.68 (0.21–63.0) |
| My family is ready to help me in decision making | |||
| Absolutely disagree | \ | 1 | 1 |
| Disagree | \ | 0.55 (0.11–2.83) | 1.41 (0.09–21.9) |
| Neither agree nor disagree | \ | 0.32 (0.04–2.35) | 1.38 (0.07–28.4) |
| Agree | \ | 0.44 (0.08–2.35) | 0.41 (0.03–6.59) |
| Absolutely agree | \ | 0.44 (0.10–2.03) | 0.57 (0.04–9.26) |
1 = reference; * p < 0.05; ** p < 0.01.