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. 2021 Jun 25;7(7):508. doi: 10.3390/jof7070508

Figure 3.

Figure 3

The effect of CK-CsC fermented pollen on honey bees. (a) The cumulative survival of honey bees after 6-day feeding treatments. New emerged bees in groups of 50 bees fed with 50% sucrose syrup and bee pollen (S + P), 50% sucrose syrup and bee pollen with addition of SYM broth (S + SYM-P) and 50% sucrose syrup and CK-CsC fermented bee pollen broth (S + CK-CsC-P). Each point represents the cumulative survival rate (N = 4 cages from four colonies). There is no significant difference between survival curves (Log-Rank test: p = 0.524). (b) Gene expression profile of honey bees after 6-day feeding treatments. C: control, bees feeding with 50% sucrose syrup and bee pollen with addition of SYM broth; F: bees feeding with 50% sucrose syrup and CK-CsC fermented bee pollen broth. The relative gene expression was analyzed using the 2−ΔΔCT method. Data represent the mean of four replicates, with error bars indicating the standard deviation. Bar with the label * is significantly different (p < 0.05) accordingly to the Mann-Whitney U test.