Table 1.
Description of the child population (2014–2020).
| Pj Positive Group | Pj Negative Group | p | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| n | % | 95% CI | n | % | 95% CI | |||
| Child characteristics | ||||||||
| Number of PCR Pj tests | 32 | 247 | ||||||
| Sex ratio (M/F) | 0.88 | 1.12 | ||||||
| Mean age (months) | 7 | 11.5 | ||||||
| Birth term | >37 WG | 23 | 71.9 | 178 | 72.1 | |||
| 33–37 WG | 6 | 18.8 | 46 | 18.6 | ||||
| 28–32 WG | 2 | 6.2 | 13 | 5.3 | ||||
| <28 WG | 1 | 3.1 | 10 | 4.0 | ||||
| Blood-related parents | 7 | 21.9 | 0.0928–0.3997 | 15 | 6.1 | 0.0344–0.0982 | 0.0066 | |
| HIV-positive | 0 | 0 | 0 | |||||
| Underlying diseases | ||||||||
| Severe combined immune deficiency | 6 | 18.8 | 0.0721–0.3644 | 27 | 10.9 | 0.0733–0.1550 | 0.0871 | |
| Cardiopulmonary pathologies | 7 | 21.9 | 0.0928–0.3997 | 48 | 19.4 | 0.1216–0.2085 | 0.8135 | |
| Cardiopathies | 5 | 15.6 | 8 | 3.2 | ||||
| Inter-atrial and/or interventricular communication | 1 | 3.1 | 16 | 6.5 | ||||
| Tetralogy of Fallot | 1 | 3.1 | 7 | 2.8 | ||||
| Transposition of the great vessels | 0 | 0 | 5 | 2.0 | ||||
| Other vessel abnormalities | 0 | 0 | 2 | 0.8 | ||||
| Bicuspid valve | 0 | 0 | 2 | 0.8 | ||||
| Ebstein’s anomaly | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0.4 | ||||
| Marfan’s syndrome | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0.4 | ||||
| CHARGE syndrome | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0.4 | ||||
| Neuhauser syndrome | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0.4 | ||||
| ARCAPA syndrome | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0.4 | ||||
| Trisomy 4 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0.4 | ||||
| Pulmonary arterial hypertension | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0.4 | ||||
| Kawasaki disease | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0.4 | ||||
| Metabolic abnormalities | 1 | 3.1 | 0.0008–0.1622 | 5 | 2.0 | 0.0066–0.0466 | 0.5233 | |
| NFU1 deficiency | 1 | 3.1 | 0 | 0 | ||||
| Farber disease | 0 | 0 | 2 | 0.8 | ||||
| Krabbe disease | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0.4 | ||||
| Mevalonate kinase deficiency | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0.4 | ||||
| Metabolic syndrome | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0.4 | ||||
| Acute leukaemia | 2 | 6.3 | 0.0077–0.2081 | 18 | 7.3 | 0.0438–0.1127 | 1.0000 | |
| Acute myeloid leukaemia | 2 | 6.3 | 6 | 2.4 | ||||
| Acute lymphoid leukaemia | 0 | 0 | 11 | 4.4 | ||||
| Juvenile myelomonocytic leukaemia | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0.4 | ||||
| Other Hematologic malignancies | 0 | 0 | 0.0000–0.1089 | 8 | 3.2 | 0.0141–0.0628 | 1.0000 | |
| Solid cancer|Lymphoma | 1 | 3.1 | 0.0008–0.1622 | 20 | 8.1 | 0.0502–0.1223 | 0.4854 | |
| Fibromatosis | 1 | 3.1 | 1 | 0.4 | ||||
| Neuroblastoma | 0 | 0 | 6 | 2.4 | ||||
| Nephroblastoma | 0 | 0 | 2 | 0.8 | ||||
| Lymphoma | 0 | 0 | 2 | 0.8 | ||||
| Hepatoblastoma | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0.4 | ||||
| Retinoblastoma | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0.4 | ||||
| Rhabdomyosarcoma | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0.4 | ||||
| Astrocytoma | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0.4 | ||||
| Other solid tumour | 0 | 0 | 5 | 2.0 | ||||
| Autoimmune disease | 0 | 0 | 0.0000–0.1089 | 5 | 2.0 | 0.0066–0.0466 | 1.0000 | |
| Cystic fibrosis|Hyaline membrane disease|Alveolar proteinosis | 5 | 15.6 | 0.0528–0.3279 | 14 | 5.7 | 0.0313–0.0933 | 0.1383 | |
| Hyaline membrane disease | 5 | 15.6 | 7 | 2.8 | ||||
| Cystic fibrosis | 0 | 0 | 5 | |||||
| Alveolar proteinosis | 0 | 0 | 2 | 0.8 | ||||
| Asthma|Respiratory pathology isolated | 4 | 12.5 | 0.0351–0.2899 | 30 | 12.1 | 0.0835–0.1688 | 1.0000 | |
| Asthma | 3 | 9.4 | 21 | 8.5 | ||||
| Bronchopulmonary dysplasia | 0 | 0 | 7 | 2.8 | ||||
| Pulmonary valve stenosis | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0.4 | ||||
| Bronchiectasis | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0.4 | ||||
| Post infectious obstructive bronchiolitis | 1 | 3.1 | 0 | 0 | ||||
| Other congenital abnormalities | 5 | 15.6 | 0.0528–0.3279 | 22 | 8.9 | 0.0567–0.1317 | 0.5176 | |
| Biliary atresia | 1 | 3.1 | 6 | 2.4 | ||||
| Polymalformative syndrome | 0 | 0 | 6 | 2.4 | ||||
| Diaphragmatic hernia | 0 | 0 | 2 | 0.8 | ||||
| Infantile nephrotic syndrome | 1 | 3.1 | 0 | 0 | ||||
| Pierre Robin syndrome | 1 | 3.1 | 0 | 0 | ||||
| HTZ mutation | 1 | 3.1 | 0 | 0 | ||||
| Familial dyserythropoiesis | 1 | 3.1 | 0 | 0 | ||||
| Pyelo-caliceal dilatation | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0.4 | ||||
| Encephalopathy | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0.4 | ||||
| Severe laryngomalacia | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0.4 | ||||
| Giant omphalocele | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0.4 | ||||
| Beckwith-Wiedemann-Syndrome | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0.4 | ||||
| Crouzon syndrome | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0.4 | ||||
| End-stage renal disease | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0.4 | ||||
| Situs inversus | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0.4 | ||||
| Solid organ transplant | 0 | 0 | 0.0000–0.1089 | 2 | 0.8 | 0.0010–0.0289 | 1.0000 | |
| No underlying disease (except for prematurity) | 1 | 3.1 | 0.0008–0.1622 | 52 | 21.1 | 0.1614–0.2667 | 0.0143 | |
| Clinical manifestations and management | ||||||||
| Clinical manifestations | ||||||||
| Upper respiratory tract infection | 10 | 31.2 | 0.1612–0.5001 | 85 | 34.4 | 0.2851–0.4070 | 0.8436 | |
| Lower respiratory tract infection | 25 | 78.1 | 0.6003–0.9072 | 106 | 42.9 | 0.3666–0.4934 | 0.0002 | |
| No respiratory symptoms | 2 | 6.2 | 0.0077–0.2081 | 61 | 24.7 | 0.1945–0.3056 | 0.0224 | |
| Fever | 10 | 31.3 | 0.1612–0.5001 | 91 | 36.8 | 0.3081–0.4319 | 0.5646 | |
| Clinical management | ||||||||
| TMP-SMX curative treatment | 18 | 56.2 | NA | NA | ||||
| Radiological evidence of infectious process | 19 | 59.4 | 0.4065–0.7630 | 41 | 16.6 | 0.1218–0.2184 | 1.0000 | |
| Mortality | ||||||||
| Overall mortality | 6 | 18.8 | 0.0721–0.3644 | 22 | 8.9 | 0.0567–0.1317 | 0.1102 | |
| 90-day mortality | 5 | 15.6 | NA | NA | ||||
| 30-day mortality | 4 | 12.2 | NA | NA | ||||
Pj: Pneumocystis jirovecii; CI: Confidence interval; M: Male; F: Female; WG: Week of gestation; HIV: Human immunodeficiency virus; TMP-SMX: trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole; NA: Not applicable.