Table 2.
Cigarette smoking, BMI, and demographic characteristics as correlates of whole mouth taste test ratings
| Quinine, 1 mM (N = 2704) Coef (SE) |
NaCl, 1 M (N = 2794) Coef (SE) |
NaCl, 0.32 M (N = 2795) Coef (SE) |
||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 | Model 4 | Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 | Model 4 | Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 | Model 4 | |
| Intercept | 49.87 (0.82) | 43.25 (1.73) | 53.17 (2.40) | 53.13 (2.91) | 50.56 (0.95) | 46.68 (2.36) | 48.68 (4.07) | 47.89 (4.72) | 31.68 (0.60) | 29.99 (2.00) | 36.83 (3.39) | 35.29 (3.08) |
| Smoking status | ||||||||||||
| Never (ref) | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| Former | 1.53 (0.80) | 1.36 (0.80) | 2.87 (0.87)* | 4.63 (5.05) | −0.28 (1.32) | −0.39 (1.32) | 0.35 (1.28) | 9.80 (6.47) | −0.52 (0.88) | −0.57 (0.87) | −0.29 (0.78) | 6.79 (4.02) |
| Current | 6.68 (1.87)* | 6.85(1.78)* | 5.02 (2.00)* | 3.19 (4.53) | 3.11 (1.32)* | 3.21 (1.26)* | 1.80 (1.25) | −5.51 (4.66) | 2.42 (1.21) | 2.46 (1.20) | 0.68 (1.27) | −0.81 (4.56) |
| BMI | 0.22 (0.06)* | 0.10 (0.06) | 0.10 (0.09) | — | 0.13 (0.08) | 0.04 (0.08) | 0.08 (0.10) | — | 0.06 (0.06) | 0.01 (0.06) | 0.07 (0.06) | |
| Age | −0.11 (0.04)* | −0.12 (0.04)* | −0.00 (0.03) | −0.001 (0.04) | −0.04 (0.03) | −0.05 (0.03) | ||||||
| Gender | ||||||||||||
| Male (ref) | — | — | — | — | — | — | ||||||
| Female | 9.16 (1.30)** | 9.17 (1.32)** | 7.78 (0.56)** | 7.81 (0.57)** | 2.71 (1.05)* | 2.72 (1.05)* | ||||||
| Education | ||||||||||||
| Less than 9th Grade | −−3.00 (2.36) | −2.97 (2.36) | 0.49 (2.23) | 0.53 (2.19) | −1.59 (2.03) | −1.58 (2.02) | ||||||
| 9-11th Grade | −0.67 (2.50) | −0.69 (2.52) | 0.99 (2.02) | 0.90 (2.01) | 2.32 (2.05) | 2.28 (2.06) | ||||||
| High School Graduate/GED or equivalent (ref) | — | — | — | — | — | — | ||||||
| Some college or AA degree | −0.24 (1.65) | −0.24 (1.64) | −0.58 (1.75) | −0.54 (1.75) | −2.28 (1.42) | −2.25 (1.42) | ||||||
| College Graduate or above | −1.19 (1.65) | −1.20 (1.62) | −1.72 (1.05) | −1.76 (1.07) | −1.78 (1.40) | −1.76 (1.38) | ||||||
| Race/ethnicity | ||||||||||||
| Non-Hispanic White (ref) | — | — | — | — | — | — | ||||||
| Mexican American | 3.34 (1.95) | 3.32 (1.95) | −0.44 (1.67) | −0.54 (1.65) | −0.13 (1.21) | −0.19 (1.20) | ||||||
| Non-Hispanic Asian | −0.66 (1.43) | −0.67 (1.48) | −0.29 (2.15) | −0.31 (2.17) | 0.75 (1.30) | 0.81 (1.30) | ||||||
| Non-Hispanic Black | 5.30 (1.11)** | 5.27 (1.10)** | 4.62 (1.34)* | 4.46 (1.30)* | 1.80 (1.00) | 1.66 (1.01) | ||||||
| Other Hispanic | 2.52 (1.42) | 2.51 (1.42) | −4.87 (1.19)** | −4.92 (1.18)** | −1.58 (1.36) | −1.59 (1.39) | ||||||
| Other race, including multi-racial | −2.00 (2.22) | −1.97 (2.21) | 0.75 (3.17) | 0.89 (3.08) | −0.52 (2.48) | −0.41 (2.44) | ||||||
| Family poverty to income ratio | −1.39 (0.52)* | −1.41 (0.52)* | −0.89 (0.21)** | −0.95 (0.21)** | −0.93 (0.35)* | −0.95 (0.35)* | ||||||
| BMI*smoking status | ||||||||||||
| BMI*never (ref) | — | — | — | |||||||||
| BMI*former | −0.06 (0.16) | −0.31 (0.21) | −0.24 (0.14) | |||||||||
| BMI*current | 0.06 (0.16) | 0.25 (0.17) | 0.05 (0.16) | |||||||||
| R 2 | <0.01 | 0.02 | 0.09 | 0.09 | <0.01 | <0.01 | 0.05 | 0.06 | <0.01 | <0.01 | 0.03 | 0.03 |
| Adjusted R2 | <0.01 | 0.02 | 0.09 | 0.09 | <0.01 | <0.01 | 0.05 | 0.05 | <0.01 | <0.01 | 0.02 | 0.03 |
*P < 0.05; **P < 0.001.