Table 3.
Cigarette smoking, BMI, and demographic characteristics as correlates of tongue tip taste test ratings
| Quinine, 1 mM (N = 2718) Coef (SE) |
NaCl, 1 M (N = 2714) Coef (SE) |
|||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 | Model 4 | Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 | Model 4 | |
| Intercept | 14.14 | 12.83 | 10.42 | 11.54 | 25.75 (0.53) | 24.04 (1.90) | 22.28 | 20.41 |
| (0.52) | (1.61) | (3.09) | (2.73) | (3.12) | (3.39) | |||
| Smoking status | ||||||||
| Never (ref) | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| Former | −0.70 | −0.73 | −0.05 | −1.98 | −0.52 | −0.57 (0.89) | −0.35 | 6.51 |
| (0.73) | (0.71) | (0.60) | (4.16) | (0.90) | (0.84) | (3.31) | ||
| Current | −0.60 | −0.57 | −0.27 | −2.92 | 0.36 | 0.40 | −0.42 | 0.05 |
| (0.83) | (0.80) | (0.91) | (2.45) | (1.22) | (1.20) | (1.29) | (4.85) | |
| BMI | 0.04 | 0.02 | −0.01 | 0.06 | 0.02 | 0.09 | ||
| (0.05) | (0.05) | (0.06) | (0.05) | (0.06) | (0.09) | |||
| Age | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.06 | 0.06 | ||||
| (0.02) | (0.02) | (0.03) | (0.03) | |||||
| Gender | ||||||||
| Male (ref) | — | — | — | — | ||||
| Female | 4.90 | 4.91 (0.69)** | 4.47 (0.83)** | 4.48 | ||||
| (0.68)** | (0.83)** | |||||||
| Education | ||||||||
| Less than 9th grade | −0.98 | −0.96 | −1.24 (1.48) | −1.23 | ||||
| (1.69) | (1.71) | (1.44) | ||||||
| 9–11th grade | −1.19 | −1.20 | 2.03 | 1.98 | ||||
| (0.98) | (0.97) | (1.21) | (1.23) | |||||
| High School Graduate/GED or Equivalent (ref) | — | — | — | — | ||||
| Some college or AA degree | −0.32 | −0.33 | −2.24 (1.09) | −2.22 | ||||
| (1.05) | (1.05) | (1.07) | ||||||
| College graduate or above | −0.41 (1.36) |
−0.46 (1.36) |
−1.05 (1.02) | −1.00 (0.98) |
||||
| Race/ethnicity | ||||||||
| Non-Hispanic White (ref) | — | — | — | — | ||||
| Mexican American | 1.84 | 1.85 | 0.98 | 0.94 | ||||
| (1.12) | (1.13) | (1.06) | (1.04) | |||||
| Non-Hispanic Asian | 3.31 | 3.23 (0.81)** | 1.11 | 1.19 | ||||
| (0.80)** | (1.04) | (1.08) | ||||||
| Non-Hispanic Black | 2.63 | 2.67 (0.57)** | 3.64 (0.72)** | 3.51 | ||||
| (0.55)** | (0.70)** | |||||||
| Other Hispanic | 3.37 (1.12)** | 3.36 | -1.66 (1.03) | -1.65 | ||||
| (1.12)* | (0.99) | |||||||
| Other race, including multi-racial | 0.25 | 0.23 | 0.31 | 0.39 | ||||
| (1.72) | (1.71) | (1.71) | (1.78) | |||||
| Family poverty to income ratio | −0.13 (0.17) | −0.14 | −0.74 (0.20)* | −0.75 | ||||
| (0.17) | (0.21)* | |||||||
| BMI*smoking status | ||||||||
| BMI*never (ref) | — | — | ||||||
| BMI*former | 0.06 | −0.23 | ||||||
| (0.15) | (0.12) | |||||||
| BMI*current | 0.09 | −0.01 | ||||||
| (0.09) | (0.17) | |||||||
| R 2 | <0.01 | <0.01 | 0.04 | 0.04 | <0.01 | <0.01 | 0.05 | 0.05 |
| Adjusted R2 | <0.01 | <0.01 | 0.04 | 0.04 | <0.01 | <0.01 | 0.04 | 0.05 |
*P < 0.05; **P < 0.001.