Table 1.
Roles of other lncRNAs in molecular mechanisms associated with insulin resistance and related diseases.
| LncRNAs | Pathology | Model | Tissue | Main Target | Regulating during IR | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| NONMMUT008655.2 | IR | High-fat-diet-induced IR mice | Liver | Regulation of SOC- S3 via miR-133c, miR-3569-5p, miR-504-3p, and miR-7076-5p |
Upregulated in IR. Resveratrol improves insulin sensitivity by downregulating this lncRNA. |
[122] |
| ASMER-1 (ENSG00000235609.4) ASMER-2 (CATG00000111229.1) |
Obesity and IR | Human | White adipose | PPARγ | Silencing of ASMER-1 and ASMER-2 decreases the expression of adipogenic genes and reduces the triglyceride accumulation in adipocytes. | [123] |
| lncLSTR | Without | Mice | Liver | TDP-43/Cyp8b1 | Depletion of lncLSTR leads to reduced triglyceride levels. | [124] |
| ANRIL (CDKN2B-AS1) | Diabetes | HRECs cells exposed to high levels of glucose and diabetic mice | Retinal | PRC2/VEGF | High levels of glucose promote the overexpression of ANRIL. ANRIL inhibition promotes glucose-induced VEGF overexpression. | [125] |
| CTD-2517M22.14 | Hepatic IR | IR-HepG2 cells | Liver | miR-346; miR-1306-5p; miR-18a-3p; miR-1914-5p_R_1/SCD | These lncRNAs positively regulate MAPK, linked to inflammation and IR. The reduction in ROS with a subsequent decrease in the relative expression of all lncRNAs might ameliorate inflammation. | [126] |
| CTD-2600O9.2 | miR-486-3p/DUSP5 | |||||
| CTD-3014M21.1 | miR-324-5p, miR-2478_L-1/SCD | |||||
| LAMA5-AS1 | miR-18a-3p; miR-516b-5p; miR-763-p3/SCD | |||||
| HOXB-AS3 | PC-5p-36422_6/SCD | |||||
| RP5-1057I20.5 | miR-23b-5p, miR-185-3p, miR-642a-5p/SCD | |||||
| MIR4435-2HG | miR-149-3p_L; miR-1304-3p; miR-452-5p/PLK3 | |||||
| ENSMUST00000160839 | IR | Palmitic acid-induced IR C2C12 cells | Myotubes | PDK-4 | PDK4 upregulation has been related to IR and was positively correlated with ENSMUST00000160839. | [127] |
| ENST00000550337.1 | Pre-diabetes and T2D | Human | Whole blood | Undescribed | ENST00000550337.1 could be a potential diagnostic biomarker for pre-diabetes and T2D. | [35,128] |
| PLUTO CDKN2BAS1 LincRNA-p21 XIST PANDA NBR2 LET SALRNA1 THRIL |
T2D | Human | PBMC | Undescribed | The majority of the lncRNAs were positively correlated with poor glycemic control, IR, transcriptional markers of senescence, inflammation, and HDAC3 and negatively associated with telomere length. | [35] |
| p5549 | Obesity | Human | Whole blood (in addition, 4 blood components) and adipose tissue | TDG | The 3 lncRNAs were negatively correlated with BMI, waist circumference, and waist-to-hip ratio. Only the circulating level of p19461 was negatively associated with IR. TDG is involved in DNA repair. CHCHD3 regulation could protect mitochondrial function, accelerating fat oxidation and reducing obesity. | [129] |
| p21015 | Undescribed | |||||
| p19461 | CHCHD3 | |||||
| lncSHGL | Obesity and IR | High-fat-diet-induced IR mice |
Primary mouse hepatocytes | hnRNPA1/CALM/Akt | lncSHGL induced Akt activation via lncSHGL/hnRNPA1/CALM pathway. Downregulation of lncSHGL promotes IR and fatty liver. | [130] |
IR: Insulin resistance; SOCS3: Suppressor of cytokine signaling 3; PPARγ: Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma; TDP-43: Transactive response DNA binding protein 43; Cyp8b1: Cytochrome P450 Family 8 Subfamily B Member 1; HRECs: Human retinal endothelial cells; PRC2: Polycomb repressive complex 2; miR: micro-RNA; VEGF: Vascular endothelial growth factor; SCD: Stearoyl-CoA desaturase; DUSP5: Dual specificity phosphatase 5; PLK3: Polo-like kinase 3; ROS: Reactive oxygen species; PDk4: Pyruvate Dehydrogenase Kinase 4; PBMC: Peripheral blood mononuclear cells; HDAC3: Histone deacetylase 3; TDG: Thymine-DNA glycosylase; CHCHD3: Coiled-Coil-Helix-Coiled-Coil-Helix Domain-Containing Protein 3; hnRNPA1: Heterogeneous Nuclear Ribonucleoprotein A1; CALM: Calmodulin; Akt: Protein kinase B.