Table 1.
Characteristics of participants in the included studies.
| Lead Author; Year; Country |
Sample Size (Female (%)) |
Age | Cognitive Status |
|---|---|---|---|
| Hsieh; 2018; Taiwan * |
60 (72%) | (mean ± SD) | MMSE score 11–26 |
| VE: 31 | VE: 76.4 ± 7.6 | ||
| NC: 29 | NC: 80.0 ± 7.5 | ||
| Eggenberger; 2015; Switzerland † |
71 (65%) | (mean ± SD) | MMSE (mean ± SD) |
| VE1: 24 | VE1: 77.3 ± 6.3 | VE1: 28.4 ± 1.4 | |
| VE2: 22 | VE2: 78.5 ± 5.1 | VE2: 28.3 ± 1.2 | |
| EC: 25 | EC: 80.8 ± 4.7 | EC: 28.0 ± 1.7 | |
| Anderson-Hanley; 2018; United States * |
14 (50%) | (mean ± SD) | MoCA (mean ± SD) |
| VE: 7 | VE: 75.4 ± 9.83 | VE: 22.0 ± 3.21 | |
| EC: 7 | EC: 80.9 ± 12.3 | EC: 21.6 ± 2.70 | |
| Mrakic-Sposta; 2018; Italy (n.s.) |
10 (60%) | (mean ± SD) | MMSE (mean ± SD) 23.0 ± 3.4 |
| VE: 5 | VE: 72.0 ± 5.15 | ||
| NC: 5 | NC: 74.6 ± 6.43 | ||
| Anderson-Hanley; 2012; United States * |
79 (78%) | (mean ± SD) | Performance ≤ −1.5 SD of norm on at least one subtest (n) |
| VE: 38 | VE: 75.7 ± 9.9 | VE: 16 | |
| EC: 41 | EC: 81.6 ± 6.2 | EC: 14 | |
| Bacha; 2018; Brazil † |
46 (74%) | (Medium [Q1; Q3]) | MoCA (mean ± SD) |
| VE: 23 | VE: 71.0 (66.0; 74.5) | VE: 23.48 ± 4.94 | |
| EC: 23 | EC: 66.5 (65.0; 71.8) | EC: 22.52 ± 3.47 | |
| Htut; 2018; Thailand * |
84 (44%) | (mean ± SD) | MMSE (mean ± SD) |
| VE: 21 | VE: 75.8 ± 4.89 | VE: 25.5 ± 1.22 | |
| EC: 21 | EC: 75.9 ± 5.65 | EC: 24.7 ± 0.96 | |
| CC: 21 | CC: 75.6 ± 5.33 | CC: 25.2 ± 1.41 | |
| NC: 21 | NC: 76.0 ± 5.22 | NC: 25.2 ± 1.00 | |
| Delbroek; 2017; Belgium (n.s.) |
20 (65%) | (mean ± SD) | MoCA (mean ± SD) |
| VE: 10 (dropout: 2) | VE: 86.9 ± 5.6 | VE: 17.7 ± 5.3 | |
| NC: 10 (dropout: 1) | NC: 87.5 ± 6.6 | NC: 16.8 ± 5.8 | |
| Liao; 2020; Taiwan † |
34 (68%) | (mean ± SD) | MMSE (mean ± SD) |
| VE: 18 | VE: 75.5 ± 5.2 | VE: 27.2 ± 1.9 | |
| ECC: 16 | ECC: 73.1 ± 6.8 | ECC: 28.3 ± 1.2 | |
| Monteiro-Junior; 2017; Brazil * |
18 (67%) | (mean ± SD) | MMSE (mean ± SD) |
| VE: 9 | VE: 85.0 ± 8.0 | VE: 21.0 ± 5.0 | |
| EC: 9 | EC: 86.0 ± 5.0 | EC: 24.0 ± 4.0 | |
| Park; 2016; Korea * |
72 (94%) | (mean ± SD) | MoCA (mean ± SD) |
| VE: 36 | VE: 73.0 ± 3.0 | VE: 22.6 ± 4.9 | |
| EC: 36 | EC: 74.1 ± 2.9 | EC: 22.9 ± 4.2 |
Note. VE: VR-based exercise group; EC: exercise only control group; CC: cognitive only control group; ECC: exercise and cognitive control group; NC: no treatment control group; SD: standard deviation; Q1: first quartile; Q3: third quartile; MMSE: mini-mental state examination; MoCA: Montreal cognitive assessment; *: statistically significant improvement compared to the control group; †: statistically significant improvement from the baseline; n.s.: not significant.