Table 3.
Characteristics of intervention methods in the included studies.
| Lead Author; Year; Country |
Periods of Intervention |
VR Device | Experimental Group | Control Group |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Hsieh; 2018; Taiwan * |
Two 60 min sessions/week for 6 months |
Xbox 360 Kinect, 100-inch flat screen |
VE: VR-based Tai Chi exercise (Chinese mind-body exercise with biofeedback) |
NC: No intervention |
| Eggenberger; 2015; Switzerland † |
Two 60 min sessions/week for 6 months |
Impact Dance Platform, large screen |
VE1: Video game dancing on the pressure sensitive areas to detect steps VE2: Treadmill walking with verbal memory exercise |
EC: Treadmill walking without an additional cognitive task |
| Anderson-Hanley; 2018; United States * |
≥Two ≥20 min sessions/week for 6 months |
Cybercycle, virtual reality display (small monitor) |
VE: VR-bike rides with effortful cognitive videogame |
EC: VR-bike rides with passive cognitive processing |
| Mrakic-Sposta; 2018; Italy (n.s.) |
Three 40–45 min sessions/week for 6 weeks |
Cycle-ergometer, finger touch projector |
VE: Cycling exercise with VR-based cognitive training |
NC: No treatment |
| Anderson-Hanley; 2012; United States * |
Five 45 min sessions/week for 3 months |
Cybercycle, virtual reality display (small monitor) |
VE: VR-bike rides with virtual 3D tours | EC: Traditional stationary bike rides |
| Bacha; 2018; Brazil † |
Two 60 min sessions/week for 7 weeks |
Xbox Kinect Adventures, 50-inch TV |
VE: Playing Kinect games including cognitive demands |
EC: Conventional physical therapy exercises |
| Htut; 2018; Thailand * |
Three 30 min sessions/week for 8 weeks |
Xbox 360 | VE: VR-based exercise games |
EC: Strength and balance exercises CC: Brain exercise games NC: no exercise |
| Delbroek; 2017; Belgium (n.s.) |
Two 18–30 min sessions/week for 6 weeks |
BioRescue, 55-inch TV-flat screen |
VE: VR cognitive-motor dual task training | NC: No intervention (usual care) |
| Liao; 2020; Taiwan † |
Three 60 min sessions/week for 12 weeks |
Microsoft Kinect, VIVE system |
VE: VR-based physical and cognitive training |
ECC: Combined physical and cognitive training |
| Monteiro-Junior; 2017; Brazil * |
Two 30–45 min sessions/week for 6–8 weeks |
Wii Fit Plus | VE: Playing VR-based exercise games |
EC: Playing exercise games |
| Park; 2016; Korea * |
Two 30+20 min sessions/week for 6 weeks |
Kayak ergometers 3-D beam projector |
VE: Conventional exercise & VR kayak paddling exercise |
EC: Conventional exercise |
Note. VE: VR-based exercise group; EC: Exercise only control group; CC: Cognitive only control group; ECC: Exercise and cognitive control group; NC: No treatment control group; *: Statistically significant improvement compared to the control group; †: Statistically significant improvement from the baseline; n.s.: Not significant.