Table 4.
Description of Measured Cognitive Function.
| Lead Author; Year; Country |
Measured Cognitive Functions | Statistical Method |
|||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| General Cognitive Function | Executive Function |
Working Memory | Short-Term Memory | Episodic Memory | Processing Speed | Attention | Others | ||
| Hsieh; 2018; Taiwan |
ABSTR in CASI *, ANML in CASI (n.s.) | short-term memory in CASI (n.s.) | ATTEN in CASI (n.s.) | subtests in CASI (MENMA, orientation, language, drawing, long-term memory) (n.s.) | generalized estimating equation (GEE) analyses | ||||
| Eggenberger; 2015; Switzerland |
TMT-B †, executive control task † | digit backward tasks in WMS-R † | digit forward tasks in WMS-R (n.s.) |
logical memory subtest (story recall) in WMS-R †, paired-associates learning task † | TMT-A †, DSST in WAIS-R † | age concentration tests A and B † | multiple regression analysis |
||
| Anderson-Hanley; 2018; United States |
Stroop †, color trails (n.s.) |
digit span (n.s.) | ADAS word list (immediate recall, delayed recall) * | ecological validity * | repeated measures ANCOVA | ||||
| Mrakic-Sposta; 2018; Italy |
MMSE (n.s.) | FAB (n.s.), TMT-B (exculded), VF (n.s.) |
RAVLT_I (n.s.), RAVLT_D (n.s.) |
TMT-A (n.s) | AM (n.s.) | ROCFT (n.s.), FAQ (n.s.) | Mann-Whitney U-Test |
||
| Anderson-Hanley; 2012; United States |
color trails *, Stroop C *, COWAT (n.s.), categories (n.s.) |
digit span backwards * | RAVLT_I (n.s.), RAVLT_D (n.s.), Fuld delayed recall (n.s.), figure delayed recall (n.s.) | LDST (n.s.) | figure copy (n.s.), clock (n.s.) | repeated measures ANCOVA | |||
| Bacha; 2018; Brazil |
MoCA † | repeated measures ANOVA | |||||||
| Htut; 2018; Thailand |
MoCA * | TUG-cog * | two-way mixed ANOVA | ||||||
| Delbroek; 2017; Belgium |
MoCA (n.s.) | TUG-DT (n.s.) | Wilcoxon signed-rank test two-sided |
||||||
| Liao; 2020; Taiwan † |
MoCA † | EXIT-25 † | CVVLT (immediate recall, delayed recall) † | repeated measures ANOVA | |||||
| Monteiro-Junior; 2017; Brazil * |
MMSE (n.s.) | FMT (route, recall) (n.s.), VF(n.s.) |
digit span backward (n.s.) | digit span forward * |
TMT-A (n.s.) | independent t tests |
|||
| Park; 2016; Korea * |
MoCA * | Independent t tests |
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Note. *: Statistically significant improvement compared to the control group; †: Statistically significant improvement from the baseline; n.s.: Not significant; MMSE: Mini-mental state examination; MoCA: Montreal cognitive assessment; ABSTR: Abstract thinking and judgment; CASI: Cognitive abilities screening instrument; ANML: Animal name fluency; ATTEN: Attention; MENMA: Mental manipulation; TMT-B: Trail making test part B; WMS-R: Wechsler memory scale-revised; TMT-A: Trail making test Part A; DSST: Digit symbol substitution task; WAIS-R: Wechsler adult intelligence scale-revised; ADAS: Alzheimer’s disease assessment scale; FAB: Frontal assessment battery; VF: Verbal fluency test; RAVLT_I: Immediate recall of Rey auditory verbal learning test; RAVLT_D: Delayed recall of Rey auditory verbal learning test; AM: Attentional matrices test; ROCFT: Rey–Osterrieth complex figure test; FAQ: Functional activity questionnaire; COWAT: Controlled oral word association test; LDST: Letter digit symbol test; TUG-cog: Timed up and go test cognition; TUG-DT: Timed up and go test dual attention task; EXIT-25: Executive interview 25; CVVLT: Chinese version of the California verbal learning test; FMT: Floor maze test; ANOVA: Analysis of variance; ANCOVA: Analysis of covariance.