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. 2021 Jun 22;11(7):1641. doi: 10.3390/nano11071641

Scheme 14.

Scheme 14

TEM micrographs and proposed surface interactions of water-based drilling fluids formulated using cCNC and bentonite in an edge-to-edge interaction (a,c) and cationic CNC and bentonite in a face-to-face interaction (b,d). (Reproduced with permission from [124]. Copyright: American Chemical Society, 2018).