. 2021 Jun 22;11(7):1641. doi: 10.3390/nano11071641

Table 2.

Amidation reactions on cCNCs for the design of functionalized CNCs in various applications.

	Reaction Conditions	Dispersion	DO of Ccnc ^a	Application	Reference
	EDC, NHS, pH 7.5–8 24 h, 50 °C	CHCl₃, THF, toluene	0.21	Nanocomposites	[69]
	EDC, NHS, MES pH 4, 24 h, RT	Ionic liquid	0.2–0.28	Click chemistry Nanoplatelet gels	[70]
	EDC, NHS, MES pH 4, 24 h, RT	Ionic liquid	0.2–0.28	Click chemistry Nanoplatelet gels	[70,71]
	EDC, NHS, MES pH 5, 24 h, RT	Aqueous	0.25	Conjugation	[72]
	EDC, NHS, pH 8–8.5 72 h, RT	Acetone CH₂Cl₂	0.22	Nanocomposites	[74]
	EDC, NHS, pH 7.5–8 24 h, RT	DMF/aqueous	0.2	Thermo-responsive materials	[75]
	EDC, NHS, pH 7.5–8 48 h, RT	Aqueous	0.25	Thermo-responsive materials	[76]
	EDC, NHS, pH 7.2, PBS, DMF16 h, RT	DMF/aqueous	1.52 ^b	Nanosensors	[77]
Quantum Dots-NH₂	EDC, NHS, pH 5, overnight, RT	Aqueous	0.24	Bioimaging	[78]
Amino-functionalized sugars	EDC, NHS, MES pH 7.5–8.5 16 h, RT	Aqueous	1.56 ^b	Biorecognition	[79]
Fluorescent quinoline dye	EDC, NHS, MES pH 7.5–8.5 16 h, RT	Aqueous	1.56 ^b	Bioimaging	[79]
Aminoethyl rhodamine dye	CDI, DMF, 20 h, 60 °C	DMF/aqueous	1.102 ^b	Molecular switching, imaging	[80]
Lysozyme-NH₂	EDC, NHS, MES pH 5.7, 3 h, RT	Aqueous	-	Antibacterial	[81]
Lysozyme-NH₂	DMTMM, 1 h, 37 °C	Aqueous	0.7–0.9 ^b	Emulsifier	[66]

^a The values displayed for the DO or carboxyl content of cCNC correspond to values prior to the amidation reactions; ^b Carboxyl content (mmol/g); EDC: N-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)-N′-ethylcarbodiimide hydrochloride; NHS: N-hydroxysuccimide; MES: 2-(N-morpholino)-ethanesulfonic acid buffer; DMTMM: 4-(4,6-dimethoxy-1,3,5-tr,azin-2-yl)-4-methylmorpholinium chloride; CDI: 1,1′-carbonyldiimidazole.