Table 1.
Summary of the cited lncRNAs involved in metabolic diseases and their mechanisms of action.
| Name | Functions | Targets |
|---|---|---|
| SRA | co-activator of PPARγ2 in adipogenesis [102]; promotes steatosis, ↓FFAs oxidation [102] | PPARγ2 [102]; FoxO1 [102] |
| ASMER1, ASMER2 | adipogenesis, lipolysis, adiponectin secretion [103] | - |
| ADNCR | adipocyte differentiation inhibition [104] | miRNA-204/SIRT1 [104] |
| H19 | ↓expression of adipogenic factors [102]; inhibition of BMMSCs adipogenic differentiation [105]; promotes hepatic lipid accumulation [111]; promotes gluconeogenesis [102,112] | HDACs 4,5,6 [102]; miR-675/HDACs [105]; PTBP1/SREBP-1c [111]; FoxO1 [102], HNF4a [112] |
| HOTAIR | promotes pre-adipocyte differentiation, ↑adipogenic genes expression (PPARγ and LPL) [101,106]; activates fibrogenesis and promotes TG accumulation [21] | Genes at HOXD locus [101]; MMP2, MMP9 [21] |
| BlnC1 | ↑UCP1 expression, ↑ mitochondiral genes expression [3]; promotes adipose tissue browning [102] | Ebf2 [3,101,102] |
| MALAT1 | ↑ROS and pro-inflammatory cytokines, promotes angiogenesis [112]; involved in the pathogenesis of diabetic gastroparesis [113]; promotes liver steatosis and fibrosis [21,102,114,115] | SAA3 [112]; α-SMA and SM-MHC [113]; CXCL5 [21,114,115] |
| ANRIL | promotes atherosclerosis, ECs proliferation and adhesion [116]; causes cardiac dysfunction, myocardial apoptosis and fibrosis [117] | INK4B [116] |
| MEG3 | promotes ECs functions, ↑microvascular permeability and inflammation upon silencing [116]; fibrosis progression upon downregulation, possibile interaction with HOTAIR [21] | PI3K/Akt [116] |
| CASC2 | key role in renal tumorigenesis, possible involvement in renal failure [118] | - |
| MIAT | ↑TNFa and VEGF, regulates ECs function [116] | miR-150-5p/VEGF [116] |
| NONRATT021972 | involved in nociception and neuropathic pain ↑TNFa [119] | TNFa [119] |
| lncARSR | ↑hepatic lipid accumulation [120] | PI3K/Akt /SREBP-1c [120] |
| Lnc18q22.2 | associated with fibrosis and lobular inflammation [121,122] | - |
| APTR | involved in collagen accumulation and HSCs activation [21] | - |
FFAs: free fatty acids; BMMSCs: bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells; LPL: lipoprotein lipase; TG: triglycerides; ECs: endothelial cells; HSCs: hepatic stellate cells.