Figure 1.

The modulatory effect of curcumin on the PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway. Curcumin inhibits the PAM signaling pathway through the regulation of its key components. Curcumin downregulates IKKβ, AKT, GSK3β, and HER2 expression, which may facilitate the inhibition of cellular growth, invasion, and metastasis in hormone receptor negative breast cancer. Cur: curcumin, PI3K: phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase, AKT(PKB): protein kinase B, mTORC1: mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1, IKKβ: IκB kinase β, PTEN: phosphatase and tensin homolog, TSC: tuberous sclerosis complex, RTK: receptor tyrosine kinase, GSK3β: glycogen synthase kinase-3β, TFs: transcription factors.