EGFR signaling pathway was activated in acrolein-transformed NOK clone #4 and acrolein treatment-induced activation of EGFR signaling pathway in parental NOK cells. (A) Western blot analysis of EGFR pathway (p-EGFR, EGFR p-AKT, AKT, p-ERK, ERK, cyclin D1, c-myc) in acrolein-transformed clone #4 compared to parental NOK cells. (B) mRNA expression of EGFR was analyzed in NOK Acr-clone #4 and NOK parental cells using quantitative real-time RT-PCR assays. (C) Gene copy number of EGFR was analyzed in NOK Acr-clone #4 and NOK parental cells using quantitative real-time PCR. Data was expressed relative to the LINE1 gene. Student’s t-tests were used to determine statistical significance, and two-tailed p-values are shown. * p < 0.05 compared with NOK parental cells. (D) Western blot analysis of EGFR pathway in NOK cells treated with acrolein in time- and dose-dependent manners.