Table 4.
Comparison of patients with nutrition-related risk present and no nutrition-related risk based on GNRI formula.
| Characteristics | No Nutrition-Related Risk (GNRI > 98) | Nutrition-Related Risk Present (GNRI ≤ 98) | p |
|---|---|---|---|
| (n = 88) | (n = 9) | ||
| age (years) | 53.9 ± 10.9 | 57.3 ± 8.0 | 0.44 |
| men | 71 (80.7%) | 6 (66.7%) | 0.58 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 28.9 ± 5.5 | 22.8 ± 2.6 | 0.0001 |
| IHD etiology | 41 (46.6%) | 4 (44.4%) | 0.82 |
| HF exacerbation | 31 (35.2%) | 2 (22.2%) | 0.64 |
| SBP on admission (mmHg) | 113.2 ± 23.7 | 98.3 ± 10.0 | 0.03 |
| DBP on admission (mmHg) | 74.7 ± 12.9 | 66.8 ± 7.2 | 0.07 |
| HR on discharge (beats per minute) | 73.6 ± 13.1 | 75.6 ± 14.7 | 0.64 |
| Comorbidities | |||
| DM | 26 (29.5%) | 1 (11.1%) | 0.43 |
| COPD | 8 (9.1%) | 0 | 0.76 |
| CKD | 14 (15.9%) | 1 (11.1%) | 0.93 |
| hypertension | 46 (52.3%) | 5 (55.6%) | 0.87 |
| NYHA class | 0.84 | ||
| I | 3 (3.4%) | 0 | 0.57 |
| II | 39 (44.3%) | 3 (33.3%) | 0.70 |
| III | 39 (44.3%) | 5 (55.6%) | 0.52 |
| IV | 7 (8.0%) | 1 (11.1%) | 0.74 |
| I–II | 42 (47.7%) | 3 (33.3%) | 0.64 |
| III–IV | 46 (52.3%) | 6 (66.7%) | |
| Biochemical parameters | |||
| Na+ (mmol/L) | 138.9 ± 3.7 | 139.2 ± 2.5 | 0.97 |
| BNP level (pg/mL) | 685 ± 728 | 1038 ± 853 | 0.18 |
| uric acid (µmol/L) | 460.1 ± 136.1 | 462.1 ± 139.1 | 0.90 |
| creatinine (µmol/L) | 101.4 ± 29.5 | 105.4 ± 38.9 | 0.93 |
| eGFR | 73.8 ± 23.6 | 67.0 ± 18.7 | 0.64 |
| K+ (mmol/L) | 4.29 ± 0.39 | 4.04 ± 0.35 | 0.07 |
| hsCRP (mg/L) | 7.0 ± 9.3 | 5.7 ± 4.3 | 0.74 |
| fasting glucose (mmol/l) | 6.44 ± 2.07 | 5.62 ± 1.20 | 0.20 |
| serum protein (g/L) | 71.8 ± 7.2 | 66.1 ± 9.3 | 0.08 |
| serum albumin (g/L) | 41.1 ± 4.5 | 33.3 ± 5.4 | <0.00001 |
| TBIL (µmol/L) | 19.3 ± 10.4 | 23.0 ± 17.3 | 0.62 |
| ALT (U/L) | 39.0 ± 22.4 | 32.2 ± 14.2 | 0.49 |
| GGTP (U/L) | 117.0 ± 122.6 | 95.0 ± 83.8 | 0.91 |
| CholT (mmol/L) | 4.33 ± 1.16 | 4.56 ± 0.70 | 0.40 |
| TG (mmol/L) | 1.55 ± 0.81 | 1.46 ± 0.66 | 0.87 |
| LDL (mmol/L) | 2.60 ± 0.92 | 2.70 ± 0.67 | 0.58 |
| HDL (mmol/L) | 1.21 ± 0.32 | 1.19 ± 0.34 | 0.75 |
| Hb [mmol/L] | 9.0 ± 1.0 | 8.4 ± 1.6 | 0.38 |
| Nutritional parameters | |||
| CNAQ score | 28.6 ± 3.9 | 27.9 ± 2.9 | 0.47 |
| impaired appetite CNAQ ≤ 28 | 41 (47%) | 4 (44.4%) | 0.81 |
| MNA score | 23.5 ± 2.4 | 21.4 ± 3.1 | 0.046 |
| malnourished (MNA score < 17) | 0 | 0 | |
| at risk of malnutrition (MNA score 17–23.5) | 44 (50%) | 3 (33.3%) | 0.34 |
| normal nutritional status (MNA score > 23.5) | 44 (50%) | 6 (66.6%) | 0.34 |
| GNRI | 115.1 ± 10.7 | 92.2 ± 4.4 | <0.00001 |
| Medications | |||
| loop diuretics | 82 (93.2%) | 9 (100%) | 0.96 |
| thiazides | 15 (17.0%) | 2 (22.2%) | 0.93 |
| ß-blocker | 85 (96.6%) | 8 (88.9%) | 0.66 |
| ACEI/ARB | 67 (76.1%) | 6 (66.7%) | 0.78 |
| ARNI | 14 (15.9%) | 1 (11.1%) | 0.94 |
| MRA | 77 (87.5%) | 9 (100%) | 0.62 |
| Ca-blocker | 6 (6.8%) | 0 | 0.93 |
| statin | 54 (61.4%) | 5 (55.6%) | 0.98 |
| Echocardiographic parameters | |||
| LVEF (%) | 23.4 ± 7.8 | 23.8 ± 7.6 | 0.83 |
| LVEDD (mm) | 71.3 ± 11.0 | 61.2 ± 11.5 | 0.02 |
| RVD (mm) | 37.8 ± 8.5 | 37.8 ± 7.6 | 0.96 |
| LAD (mm) | 52.9 ± 10.6 | 48.0 ± 8.6 | 0.21 |
| IVS (mm) | 10.0 ± 1.7 | 11.4 ± 3.4 | 0.37 |
| PWD (mm) | 9.9 ± 1.3 | 11.2 ± 4.5 | 0.84 |
| Ao (mm) | 33.5 ± 5.0 | 32.6 ± 4.1 | 0.49 |
BMI—body mass index, IHD—ischemic heart disease, SBP—systolic blood pressure, DBP—diastolic blood pressure, HR—heart rate, DM—diabetes mellitus, COPD—chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, CKD—chronic kidney disease, NYHA—New York Heart Association Classification, Na+ sodium concentration, BNP—B-type natriuretic peptide, NT-proBNP—N-terminal pro B-type natriuretic peptide, eGFR–estimated glomerular filtration rate, K+—potassium concentration, hsCRP-high-sensitivity C-reactive protein, TBIL—total bilirubin, ALT—alanine transaminase, GGTP—gamma-glutamyltranspeptidase, CholT—total cholesterol, TG—triglycerides, LDL—low density lipoprotein, HDL—high density lipoprotein, Hb—hemoglobin, CNAQ—The Council on Nutrition Appetite Questionnaire, MNA—The Mini Nutritional Assessment, GNRI—Geriatric Nutritional Risk Index, ACEI—angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor, ARB—angiotensin receptor blocker, ARNI—angiotensin receptor-neprilysin inhibitor, MRA—mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist, LVEF—left ventricular ejection fraction, LVEDD—left ventricular end-diastolic diameter, RVD—right ventricular diameter, LAD—left atrium diameter, IVS—interventricular septum thickness, PWD—posterior wall of left ventricle, Ao—aorta.