Table 3.
SDF rates in globozoospermic patients reported in literature. NA, Not Available; TEM, Transmission Electron Microscopy; SCSA, Sperm Chromatin Structure Assay; TUNEL, TdT-mediated dUDP Nick-End Labelling assay; SCD, Sperm Chromatin Dispersion test; AO, Acridine Orange Table A3. Chromomycin A3 staining; AB, Aniline Blue staining.
| Reference | N Patients (Case vs. Control) |
Method to Evaluate SDF |
DNA Fragmentation Index | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Case | Control | |||
| [55] | NA | Hoechst 33258 DNA staining TUNEL Electron Microscopy |
10% | 0.1% |
| [33] | 1 vs. 2 | TEM SCSA COMET |
TEM: no elevated levels of apoptotic bodies SCSA and COMET: 13% |
NA |
| [12] | 1 vs. 4 | TUNEL | 37.0 ± 1.7% | 22.5 ± 1.2% |
| [56] | 1 (case report) |
SCD | 45.7% (threshold value: 30%) |
/ |
| [57] | 1 vs. 1 | AO | 97.1% | 41.3% |
| [58] | 1 vs. 1 | TUNEL | 80% | 27 ± 13% |
| [59] | 2 vs. 20 | TUNEL | Patient 1: 40% Patient 2: 80% |
12 ± 2.12% |
| [60] | 1 vs. unspecified | TUNEL | 9.6% | 1.20 ± 0.95% |
| [64] | 1 (case report) |
TUNEL | 6% | / |
| [61] | 6 vs. unspecified | TUNEL | 15.5 ± 9,09% | <13% |
| [14] | 1 (case report) |
SCSA TB CMA3 AB |
SCSA: 35.3% (threshold value 30%) TB: 36.6% (threshold value 35%) CMA3: 47.7% AB: 56.3% |
/ |
| [24] | 8 vs. 90 | TUNEL | 46.92 ± 4.20% | 34.04 ± 1.53% |
| [34] | 15 vs. 21 | TUNEL CMA3 |
TUNEL: 17.60 ± 10.72% CMA3: 65.93 ± 11.77% |
TUNEL: 5.95 ± 3.02% CMA3: 21.24 ± 7.37% |
| [35] | 20 vs. 40 | SCSA CMA3 |
SCSA: 33.83 ± 3.64% CMA3: 49.70 ± 4.88% |
SCSA: 16.31 ± 1.58% CMA3: 30.97 ± 1.71% |
| [36] | 30 vs. 22 | TUNEL | 19.21 ± 3.75% | 8.58 ± 1.12% |
| [37] | 27 vs. 30 | SCD TUNEL AB TB CMA3 AO |
SCD: partial globo 61.7 ± 13.2; total globo 57.8 ± 11.4 TUNEL: partial globo 12.3 ± 9.2; total globo 18.3 ± 10.1 AB: partial globo 81.3 ± 10.6; total globo 79.8 ± 12.9 TB: partial globo 73.1 ± 16; total globo 86.3 ± 9.1 CMA3: partial globo 60.1 ± 13.9; total globo 68.6 ± 11 AO: partial globo 33.2 ± 26.4; total globo 30.1 ± 18.4 |
SCD: 11.5 ± 6.2 TUNEL: 5.9 ± 3 AB: 24.2 ± 16.2 TB: 32.8 ± 18.6 CMA3: 26.1 ± 11.6 AO: 11.5 ± 7.5 |
| [47] | 8 vs. 25 | TUNEL | 41.58 ± 10.99% | 10.25 ± 3.83% |
| [62] | 10 vs. 30 | TUNEL | 23.6 ± 5.67% | 5.24 ± 1.23% |
| [63] | 1 vs. 3 | AB AO TEM |
AB: 78 ± 2.65% AO: 22.33 ± 2.52% TEM: chromatin compromised |
NA |
| Present study | 18 vs. 31 | TUNEL | 29.7 ± 8.2% | 10.0 ± 2.8% |