Table 3.
Examples of Raman spectroscopy in combination with chemometrics for wine authentication.
| Spectroscopic Technique | Spectral Region | Parameters for Authentication |
Classification Method 1 |
Remark | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| FT-Raman | 1700–0 cm−1 (Stokes), −1000–0 cm−1 (anti-Stokes) (laser emitting at 1064 nm) | Discrimination of wines geographically, varietally, and by vintage | LDA | Correct classification of: variety, 84%; geographical origin, 100%; and vintage, 95% | [37] |
| SERS | 3350–200 cm−1 (laser emitting at 532 nm) | Discrimination of wines geographically (Romanian and French and different Romanian regions), varietally, and by vintage | LDA | Correct classification of: variety, 90%; geographical origin, 83% among Romanian wines and 100% between countries; and vintage, 90% | [35] |
| SERS | 1600–450 cm−1 (laser emitting at 785 nm) | Discrimination of wines according to variety and producer | PCA, SIMCA | Correct classification of: variety, 87%; and producer, 93% | [38] |
1 LDA, linear discriminant analysis; PCA, principal component analysis; SIMCA, soft independent modelling of class analogy.