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Putative evolutionary origin of the NIR and BER pathways for spontaneous DNA damage. In LUCA the products of spontaneous DNA decay were repaired by AP endonucleases in the NIR pathway in DNA glycosylase-independent manner. Mono-functional DNA glycosylases specific for uracil and hypoxanthine appeared later in evolution. Inclusion of additional base excision step into NIR pathway resulted in the appearance of modern BER pathway in three domains of life.
