Table 1.

Overview of relevant cell types for cultivated meat production and methods to obtain them.

Cell Source	Relevant Cell Types	Location of Cell Type In Vivo	Method to Obtain	Proliferative Capacity	Differentiation Potential	Cell Type Markers	Isolated from Relevant Species
Adult stem cells	Muscle satellite cells	Beneath basement membrane of skeletal myotubes	Muscle biopsy	Limited	Skeletal myotubes	Pax7 M-cadherin Syndecan-4 CXCR4 α-7 integrin VCAM-1 CD56	Bovine [18] Galline [19] Ovine [20] Piscine [21] Porcine [22]
	Mesenchymal stem/stromal cells (MSCs)	Numerous locations (ex. bone marrow, umbilical cord, skeletal muscle, adipose tissue)	Tissue biopsy	Limited	Adipocytes Chondrocytes Fibroblasts	CD105 CD73 CD90 Sca-1 PDGFRα	Bovine [23,24,25] Galline [26] Ovine [27] Porcine [28]
	Fibro-adipogenic progenitors (FAPs)	Interstitial space of skeletal muscle	Muscle biopsy	Limited	Adipocytes Fibroblasts	Sca-1 PDGFRα	Bovine [29,30] Porcine [31,32]
Pluripotent stem cells	Embryonic stem cells (ESCs)	Inner cell mass of blastocyst	Isolate from inner cell mass	Indefinite	Any cell type	Oct4 Sox2 Nanog c-Myc Klf4	Bovine [33] Galline [34] Ovine [35] Piscine [36,37] Porcine [38]
	Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs)	N/A	Somatic cell reprogramming - Overexpression of pluripotent transcription factors - Small-molecule-mediated reprogramming	Indefinite	Any cell type	Oct4 Sox2 Nanog c-Myc Klf4	Bovine [39] Galline [40,41] Ovine [42] Porcine [43]