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. 2021 Jun 30;10(7):1641. doi: 10.3390/cells10071641

Figure 1.

Figure 1

Potential mechanisms of type I NKT cell-mediated glioblastoma cell lysis. (a) Type I NKT cells can directly lyse GBM cells expressing CD1d presenting exogenous lipid antigens such as α-GalCer via Fas/FasL interaction and perforin (PFN) and granzyme B (GzmB) release. (b) Type I NKT cells can indirectly induce GBM cell lysis when presented with lipid antigens via CD1d on DCs. Through interaction with type I NKT cells, DCs mature and activate, cross-present antigens to CD8+ T cells, and secrete IL-12 to induce CD8+ T cells and NK cells to directly lyse GBM cells. Additionally, activated type I NKT cells can induce macrophages to switch from an immunosuppressive to an immunostimulatory phenotype when macrophages present lipid antigens in the context of CD1d. Type I NKT cells can interact with MDSCs via TCR-CD1d interaction and CD40–CD40 ligand (CD40L) interaction to induce MDSC secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines and differentiation into antigen-presenting cells (APCs).