Table 1.

Interaction between AVs and immune system.

TTVs and Innate Immunity

Interaction with PAMP receptors (PRR) and inflammasome

TTVs genome and CpGs stimulate TLR in infected cells: inflammatory cytokines (IFN-α, IL-6 and IL-12) are released

TTVs and Adaptative Immunity

ORF1 and ORF2 are recognized

TTV load inverse correlation with T lymphocytes

TTV load positive correlation with eosinophils

PAMP: Pathogen-associated molecular patterns; TTV: torque teno virus; PRR: pattern recognition receptors; CpGs: unmethylated heterodimers of guanosine and cytosine; TLR: Toll-like receptors; ORF: open reading frame.