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. 2021 Jun 23;9(7):1357. doi: 10.3390/microorganisms9071357

Table 2.

Potential escape mechanisms used by anelloviruses to elude the immune system.

Immuno-Escape Mechanisms

  • Inhibitory CpGs interaction with TLR

  • ORF2 inhibits NFkb translocation to the nucleus: IL-6, IL-8 and cyclooxygenase-2 are reduced

  • miRNA interaction with interferon antiviral pathway

  • Exosomes protect TTVs from neutralizing antibodies

TTV: torque teno virus; PRR: pattern recognition receptors; CpGs: unmethylated heterodimers of guanosine and cytosine; TLR: Toll-like receptors; ORF: open reading frame.