Table 3.
Comparison of the developed SLE-MSPE-UHPLC-QqQ-MS/MS method with other reported methods for the detection of opium alkaloids in poppy (seeds, straw or capsules) and hot pot.
| Sample | Analytes | Sample Treatment | Analysis Technique | MDL (µg/kg) | MQL (µg/kg) | Recovery (%) | RSD (%) | Ref. | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Extraction | Purification | ||||||||
| Poppy seeds | MOR, COD, THEB, NOS, PAP | AcN/water/formic acid, 80/19/1, v/v/v (100 mL, 30 min, ×2) | − | UHPLC-QqQ-MS/MS | − | 100 | 77–172 | <20.0 | [1] |
| Poppy seeds, cake, buns | MOR, COD, PAP, NOS | MeOH 0.1% acetic acid (30 mL, 60 min) | − | HPLC-QqQ-MS/MS | 70–300 | 200–1000 | − | 7.4–9.0 | [6] |
| Poppy straw | MOR, COD, THEB, PAP | MeOH (5 mL, 20 min, ×2) | − | HPLC-DAD | 200–1800 | 600–5400 | 97–99 | 0.2–0.4 | [17] |
| Hot pot | MOR, COD, THEB, PAP, NOS | HCl 0.1 M (20 mL, 10 min) and PE (10 mL) | SPE (Oasis MCX 60 mg) | UHPLC-QqQ-MS/MS | 0.003–0.04 | 0.01–0.1 | 72–124 | 7.9–23.7 | [19] |
| Poppy straw | MOR, COD, THEB, PAP | Water 5% acetic acid | SPE (Oasis MCX) | HPLC- Ion trap-MS/MS | 400–17,500 | 1100–52,200 | − | − | [20] |
| Hot pot | MOR, COD, THEB, PAP, NOS | Water/AcN 50% (20 mg, 5 min) | MSPE (Fe3O4@SiO2@ADME 50 mg) | HPLC-QqQLIT-MS/MS | 0.05–0.8 | 0.25–2.5 | 80–115 | 4.3–10.7 | [22] |
| Hot pot | MOR, COD, THEB, PAP, NAR | AcN 0.1% formic acid and n-hexane | MSPE (Fe3O4@SiO2@CS/GO 15 mg) | UHPLC- QqQLIT-MS/MS | 0.016–0.092 | 0.036–0.31 | 75–104 | 0.7–9.5 | [23] |
| Poppy capsules | NAR, PAP | SFE | MSPE (Fe3O4@Cu@DPTC 50 mg) | HPLC-UV | 1–100 | − | 88–99 | 5.8–7.7 | [25] |
| Poppy seeds | MOR, COD, THEB, PAP, NOS, ORIP | MeOH/water, 50/50 (v/v) | MSPE (Fe3O4@SiO2@mSiO2 50 mg) | UHPLC-QqQ-MS/MS | 0.07–72.01 | 0.24–240 | 46–109 | 0.4–11 | This work |
MOR: morphine, COD: codeine, THEB: thebaine, PAP: papaverine, NOS: noscapine, NAR: narceine, ORIP: oripavine, AcN: acetonitrile, MeOH: methanol, HCl: hydrochloride acid, PE: petroleum ether, SFE: supercritical fluid extraction, SPE: solid phase extraction, MCX: mixed-mode, strong cation-exchange, MSPE: magnetic solid phase extraction, DPTC: diphenylthiocarbazone, (U)HPLC: (ultra)-high performance liquid chromatography, QqQ: triple quadrupole, MS/MS: tandem mass spectrometry, DAD: diode-array detector, QqQLIT: quadrupole linear ion trap, UV: ultraviolet detector, MDL: method detection limit, MQL: method quantification limit, RSD: relative standard deviation.