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. 2021 Jul 12;10(7):1761. doi: 10.3390/cells10071761

Table 1.

Anti-cytokines and Janus kinase (JAK)-inhibitors under study for COVID-19.

Medication Mechanism of Action References and Clinical Trials
Infliximab Binds to soluble and transmembrane forms of TNF-α NCT04425538, NCT04734678, NCT04593940, NCT04344249
Etanercept TNF-α antagonist [62]
Anakinra Blocks the binding of IL-1α and IL-1β to IL-1 receptors [63,64], NCT04443881, NCT04680949, NCT04366232, NCT04412291, NCT04364009, NCT04324021, NCT04339712, NCT04362111, NCT04643678, NCT04330638, NCT04341584, NCT04381936, NCT02735707
Tocilizumab Blocks IL-6 receptors [65,66], ChiCTR2000029765, NCT04445272, NCT04479358, NCT04317092, NCT04412772, NCT04331795, NCT04332094, NCT04377659, NCT04730323, NCT04346355, NCT04409262, NCT04372186, NCT04332913, NCT04320615, NCT04600141, NCT04363736, NCT04779047, NCT04435717, NCT04377750, NCT04577534, NCT04412291, NCT04335071, NCT04678739, NCT04356937, NCT04363853, NCT04335305, NCT04310228, NCT04403685, NCT04560205, NCT04519385, NCT04339712, NCT04322773, NCT04476979
Siltuximab Prevents binding of IL-6 to both soluble and membrane-bound IL-6 receptors NCT04329650, NCT04322188, NCT04486521
Clazakizumab Binds to IL-6 NCT04494724, NCT04343989, NCT04348500, NCT04363502, NCT04659772
Sarilumab Blocks IL-6 receptors NCT04315298, NCT04661527, NCT04357808, NCT04386239, NCT04341870, NCT04359901, NCT04327388
Sirukumab Binds to IL-6 NCT04380961
Baricitinib Inhibits JAK1 and JAK2 [67], NCT04421027, NCT04693026, NCT04373044, NCT04346147, NCT04401579, NCT04390464, NCT04640168, NCT04321993
Ruxolitinib Inhibits JAK1 and JAK2 NCT04355793, NCT04377620, NCT04334044, NCT04366232, NCT04362137, NCT04338958, NCT04477993, NCT04359290, NCT04581954, NCT04348695, NCT04403243
Fedratinib Inhibits JAK2 (JAK2-selective inhibitor with higher inhibitory activity for JAK2 over family members JAK1, JAK3 and TYK2) [68]
Tofacitinib Inhibits all JAKs NCT04415151, NCT04750317, NCT04469114