Figure 2.
Molecular mechanisms of catechin action and changes in related biomarkers in different neurological disorders. Abbreviations: GSH: glutathione; SOD: superoxide dismutase; MDA: malondialdehyde; H2O2: hydrogen peroxide; Nrf2: nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2; NOX: nitrogen oxides; cAMP/PKA: cyclic adenosine monophosphate/protein kinase A; NAD: nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide; ROS: reactive oxygen species; NAA: N-acetyl aspartate; PLP: proteolipid protein; Olig 1: oligodendrocyte transcription factor 1; NGF: nerve growth factor; MMP-9: metalloproteinase 9; TNF: tumor necrosis factor; IL: interleukin; NFκB: nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells; SIRT: sirtuin 1; VEGF-A: vascular endothelial growth factor A; VEGF-R1: vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 1; NeuN: neuronal nuclei; DXC: doublecortin; BrdU: 5-bromo-2′-deoxyuridine; PSD95: postsynaptic density protein 95; SYN: synaptophysin; VGAT: vesicular GABA transporter; VGLUT1: vesicular glutamate transporter 1; GFAP: glial fibrillary acidic protein; Otx1: orthodenticle homolog 1 [Drosophila]; Sox2: sex determining region Y [Sry]-related high mobility group box2; GSK3β: glycogen synthase kinase 3 beta; BDNF: brain-derived neurotrophic factor; DYRK1A: dual-specificity tyrosine phosphorylation regulated kinase 1A.