Table 1.
Summary of the in vitro, preclinical and interventional studies involving punicalagin research.
| In Vitro | Preclinical | Clinical/Interventional | Aim/Mechanism | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| KB and CAL27 oral cancer, SW480, SW620, HT29 and HCT116 colon cancer and RWPE-1 prostate cancer cell lines | - | - | Apoptotic and antioxidant activity | [8] |
| Vero (normal African green monkey kidney cell line), Hep-2 (human larynx epithelial cancer cell line), and A-549 (human small cell lung carcinoma cell line) | - | - | ROS elimination and antioxidant activity | [11] |
| HeLa cells | - | - | Antiproliferative activity (β-catenin signaling pathway) | [12] |
| Vero (African green monkey kidney cells, ATCC CCL-81), HEL (human embryonic lung fibroblast, ATCC CCL-137), and A549 (human lung carcinoma, ATCC CCL-185) | - | - | Antiviral activity | [14] |
| - | - | 20 young healthy volunteers (10 men (BMI 21.8 ± 2.5 kg/m2) and 10 women (BMI 23.4 ± 1.6 kg/m), with an average age of 20.5 ± 2.0 and 21.5 ± 1.5 years | Bioavailability of PUN and EA | [20] |
| - | - | Healthy volunteers (n = 49, 32 men and 17 women; BMI > 27 kg/m2) aged between 40 and 65 years | Metabolism EA | [23] |
| - | Rat | - | Bioavailability and metabolism of PUN and EA | [26] |
| - | - | Healthy volunteers (n = 6, 4 men and 2 women) | Bioavailability and metabolism of PUN and EA | [27] |
| RAW264.7 cells | - | - | Anti-inflammatory activity | [32] |
| RAW264.7 cells | - | - | Anti-inflammatory activity | [33] |
| Splenocytes from Balb/c mice and normal splenocytes from C57 Bl/6 mice | Mouse Balb/c | - | Immunosuppressive activity | [34] |
| RAW264.7 cells | - | - | Anti-inflammatory activity | [35] |
| PBMCs from healthy volunteers | - | - | Anti-inflammatory activity | [36] |
| Jurkat E2 cells and PBMC | - | - | Immunosuppressive activity | [37] |
| Buňky (ME-180)—Cell carcinoma of the cervix uteri | - | - | Apoptotic activity through the mitochondrial and NF-kB pathway | [40] |
| - | Mouse (Swiss Webster) | - | Chemoprotective and angiogenic activity | [41] |
| human osteosarcoma cell lines (U2OS, MG63 and SaOS2) and normal osteoblast cell line (hFOB1.19) | - | - | Antiproliferative activity | [43] |
| human colon cell line Caco-2 and the normal colon cells CCD-112CoN | - | - | Apoptotic activity | [45] |
| human U87MG glioma cells | - | - | Apoptotic activity | [46] |
| Streptococcus mutans | - | - | Antibacterial activity | [49] |
| SARS-CoV-2 (spike protein) | - | - | Antiviral activity | [50] |
| - | Mouse Balb/c | - | Antioxidant activity | [54] |
| - | Male Rats (Sprague-Dawley) | - | Antihepatotoxicity | [57] |
| - | Male Wistar rats | - | Antihepatotoxicity and antineurotoxicity | [59] |
| 3T3-L1 murine pre-adipocytes | - | - | Antiobesity activity | [60] |
| 3T3-L1 mouse adipocytes | - | - | Antiobesity activity | [61] |
| Human adipocytes (SGBS), human myocytes (HSMM) | - | - | Antiobesity activity | [62] |
| Human Umbilical Vein Endothelial Cells (HUVECs) | - | - | Antiatherogenic effects | [63] |
| THP-1 cells (Human immortalized cells, ATCC, TIB-202) | Male apoE−/− mice | - | Anti-atherosclerotic activity | [65] |
| - | Wistar rats (n = 48) | - | Anti-atherosclerotic activity | [66] |
| - | Sprague−Dawley rats | - | Toxicity effect | [67] |
| Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells | Mouse Balb/c | - | Genotoxicity effect | [68] |
| Chinese hamster cells (B14 cell line) | Genotoxicity and cytotoxicity effect | [69] |
ROS: oxygen-reactive substances, BMI: body mass index, PUN: Punicalagin, EA: ellagic acid, PBMCs: Peripheral blood mononuclear cells.