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. 2021 Jun 29;13(7):2228. doi: 10.3390/nu13072228

Table 1.

Symptoms and differential diagnostics in patients with suspected adverse reactions to ingested histamine. Adapted according to Reese et al. 2017 [1].

Symptoms Differential Diagnosis
Flushing Neuroendocrine tumors
Itching Urticaria, pruritus sine materia, prurigo
Nausea/vomiting/abdominal pain Peptic ulcer disease, hiatal hernia, gastroesophageal reflux disease
Diarrhea and abdominal pain Chronic inflammatory bowel disorders, disorders of carbohydrate metabolism
(lactose intolerance, fructose malabsorption), celiac disease
Rhinitis Allergic and non-allergic rhinitis of other origin
Dyspnea, dysphonia Allergic and non-allergic asthma
Hypotension, vertigo, tachycardia Anaphylaxis
Important differential diagnostic information is achieved by the analysis of symptoms with respect to their onset time. Adverse food reactions only considered if the symptoms manifested in less than 4 h from food intake.