Table 1.
Cohort characteristics; differences were calculated via the Kruskal–Wallis test; BMI = body mass index, SAPS II = Simplified Acute Physiology Score II; IQR = interquartile range; LDH = lactate dehydrogenase; PCHe = pseudocholinesterase, ALT = alanine aminotransferase; abs. = absolute; n.d. = not defined.
| Moderate Disease (n = 9) | Severe Disease (n = 9) | Critical Disease (n = 22) | Convalescent Patients (n = 47) | p-Value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age, median (min–max) | 54 (30–81) | 50 (39–73) | 58 (41–82) | 54 (41–70) | 0.24 |
| Gender, male (%) | 77.8 | 100.0 | 90.9 | 97.9 | 0.29 |
| BMI, median (IQR) | 24 (23–26) | 24 (23–26) | 27 (24–30) | 26 (24–28) | 0.05 |
| Interval from first symptom to acquisition of blood sample in days, median (IQR) | 52 (40–75) | ||||
| 8 (6–14) | 13 (8.5–17) | 12 (10–22) | 0.15 | ||
| Cardiovascular disease (abs.) | 1 | 0 | 4 | 0 | |
| Respiratory disease abs.) | 0 | 0 | 2 | 0 | |
| Kidney insufficiency (abs.) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
| Metastatic neoplasm (abs.) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
| Diabetes (abs.) | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | |
| Hematologic malignancy (abs.) | 2 | 0 | 4 | 0 | |
| Death (abs.) | 0 | 0 | 9 | 0 | |
| SAPS II, median (IQR) | 15 (13–25) | 19 (13–22) | 54 (35–72) | n.d. | <0.001 |
| Leukocytes × 109/L, median (IQR) | 4.4 (3.4–6.4) | 5.4 (3.8–7.6) | 9.2 (5.8–11) | 5.4 (4.9–6.8) | 0.21 |
| Lymphocytes (rel., %), median (IQR) | 19.5 (12.6–29.9) | 21.3 (15.0–22.8) | 10.3 (7.3–14.0) | 29.0 (25.3–32.5) | 0.003 |
| D-Dimer (mg/L), median (IQR) | 0.75 (0.32–2.31) | 0.76 (0.55–2.02) | 2.56 (1.42–7.42) | n.d. | 0.005 |
| Creatinine (mg/dL), median (IQR) | 1.0 (0.9–1.2) | 0.8 (0.8–1.0) | 1 (0.6–1.7) | 1 (0.9–1) | 0.36 |
| Ferritin (µg/L), median (IQR) | 449 (200–665) | 692 (370–938) | 917 (665–1560) | 188 (89–325) | 0.003 |
| Interleukin-6 (pg/mL), median (IQR) | 16 (10–30) | 30 (17–70) | 107 (39–239) | 2 (2–2) | <0.001 |
| Procalcitonin (ng/mL), median (IQR) | 0.11 (0.07–0.18) | 0.08 (0.07–0.12) | 0.64 (0.18–2.04) | 0.05 (0.04–0.07) | <0.001 |
| C-reactive protein (mg/dL), median (IQR) | 1.6 (0.5–3.2) | 6 (3.3–9.4) | 14.8 (6.2–24.8) | 0.5 (0.5–0.5) | <0.001 |
| PCHe (U/L), median (IQR) | 7746 (5524–9193) | 6960 (6173–8321) | 3668 (2749–4788) | 8699 (7754–10082) | <0.001 |
| Gamma-GT (U/L), median (IQR) | 43 (30–126) | 40 (30–60) | 113 (54–185) | 29 (21–47) | <0.001 |
| ALT (U/L), median (IQR) | 26 (22–46) | 33 (29–58) | 41 (29–67) | 29 (24–40) | 0.079 |
| Albumin (g/dL), median (IQR) | 3.9 (3.3–4.5) | 3.8 (3.5–4.4) | 2.3 (3.0–2.7) | 4.6 (4.4–4.7) | <0.001 |
| Vitamin A (mg/L), median (IQR) | 0.48 (0.29–0.56) | 0.32 (0.21–0.42) | 0.25 (0.16–0.38) | 0.60 (0.51–0.69) | <0.001 |