. 2021 Jul 9;11(7):1792. doi: 10.3390/nano11071792

Table 3.

Representative studies of colorimetric analysis of heavy metals from food and water resources based on nanoparticle aggregation.

Electrode	Sample	Linear Range	Limits of Detection	Ref.
MPBA/AuNPs	Water samples	0.01–5 μM Hg²⁺	8 nM Hg²⁺	[61]
(en)/S₂O₃²⁻/AuNPs	Drinking water	0.1–0.7 μM Co²⁺	0.04 μM (2.36 ppb) Co²⁺	[62]
4-MB/AuNPs (S₂O₃²⁻)	River water, Montana soil, and urine samples	0.5–10 nM Pb²⁺	0.2 nM Pb²⁺	[63]
Tween 20/Citrate ions/AuNPs	Drinking water and seawater sample	/	0.1 μM Hg²⁺; Ag⁺	[64]
DTETAuNPs	Water sample	1–6 μM Hg²⁺	100 nM Hg²⁺	[67]
AuNPs/g-CQDs	Mice organ tissues sample	0.01–3.0 μM Cd²⁺	10 nM Cd²⁺	[69]
AuNPs/GO/S₂O₃²⁻	Pure drinking water and river water samples	0.1–20 μM Pb²⁺	0.05 μM Pb²⁺	[70]
TMA/AgNPs	Tap, lake, and river water sample	/	0.5 nM Cu²⁺	[71]
SAA/AgNPs	Tap water, lake water, milk, urine, and serum sample	0.05–1.1 μM Cd²⁺	3.0 nM Cd²⁺	[72]
AgNPs/biopolymer xylan	River water samples	10–500 μM Hg²⁺	4.6 nM Hg²⁺	[73]
PAA/AgNCs	Tap water and mineral water samples	0–20 μM Hg²⁺	2 nM Hg²⁺	[74]
Carr/Ag/AgCl NPs	Environmental or biological samples	1–100 μM Hg²⁺	1 μM Hg²⁺	[75]
AgNPs	Metal ions sample	3–30 nM Hg²⁺	0.037 nM Hg²⁺	[76]

Abbreviations: 4-mercaptophenylboronic acid (MPBA), Au nanoparticles (AuNPs), ethylenediamine (en), thiosulfate (S₂O₃²⁻), 4-mercaptobutanol (4-MB), dithioerythritol-modified AuNPs (DTET-AuNPs), graphite-like nitride doped carbon quantum dots (g-CQDs), graphene oxide (GO), thiomalic acid functionalized silver nanoparticles (TMA/AgNPs), sulfosalicylic acid functionalized silver nanoparticles (SAA/AgNPs), poly(acrylic acid)-templated silver nanoclusters (PAA/AgNCs), carrageenan (Carr), Ag nanoparticles (AgNPs).