Table 2.

Summary of gut microbiota-targeted modalities used as reprogramming interventions for cardiovascular disease of developmental origins.

Gut Microbiota-Targeted Intervention	Animal Models	Species/Gender	Age at Evaluation	Reprogramming Effects	Ref.
Probiotics
Lactobacillus casei 2 × 10⁸ CFU/day via oral gavage during pregnancy and lactation	Maternal high-fructose diet	SD rat/M	12 weeks	Prevented hypertension	[34]
Lactobacillus casei 2 × 10⁸ CFU/day via oral gavage during pregnancy and lactation	Perinatal high-fat diet	SD rat/M	16 weeks	Prevented hypertension	[47]
Lactiplantibacillus plantarum WJL 1 × 10⁸ CFU/day via oral gavage during pregnancy and lactation	Maternal high-fat and high-cholesterol diet	Wistar rat/M	90 days	Prevented cardiovascular dysfunction	[45]
Prebiotics
5% w/w long chain inulin during pregnancy and lactation	Maternal high-fructose diet	SD rat/M	12 weeks	Prevented hypertension	[34]
5% w/w long chain inulin during pregnancy and lactation	Perinatal high-fat diet	SD rat/M	16 weeks	Prevented hypertension	[47]
10% w/w oligofructose during pregnancy and lactation	Maternal high-fat/-sucrose diet	SD rat/M	21 weeks	Attenuated hepatic steatosis and insulin resistance	[112]
Postbiotics
Magnesium acetate 200 mmol/L in drinking water during pregnancy and lactation	Maternal high-fructose diet	SD rat/M	12 weeks	Prevented hypertension	[35]
1% conjugated linoleic acid during pregnancy and lactation	Maternal high-fat diet	SD rat/M	18 weeks	Prevented hypertension and endothelial dysfunction	[113]
Others
1% DMB in drinking water during pregnancy and lactation	Maternal high-fructose diet	SD rat/M	12 weeks	Prevented hypertension	[35]
1% DMB in drinking water during pregnancy and lactation	Maternal high-fructose diet and TCDD exposure	SD rat/M	12 weeks	Prevented hypertension	[37]

Studies tabulated according to types of intervention, animal models, and age at evaluation. DMB-3,3—maternal dimethyl-1-butanol. TCDD—2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin. SD—Sprague–Dawley rat.