Table 2.
Maternal, obstetrical and infant outcomes between intervention groups (presented as median and IQR or n, %).
| LED (n = 16) |
LED + Exercise (n = 8) |
VLED (n = 15) |
VLED + Exercise (n = 4) |
p Value | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Total gestational weight gain (kg) | 12.0 (9.8–14.3) | 10.3 (8.9–11.5) | 6.0 (2.6–9.3) | 9.0 (6.7–12.5) | 0.03 1 | |
| Insulin use: | Initiation week | 24 (21–28) | 30 (29–30) | 22 (15–28) | 25 (24–25) | 0.15 1 |
| Units at labor (IU) | 16 (9–33) | 14 (11–21) | 26 (19–30) | 13 (11–16) | 0.44 1 | |
| Insulin users (n) | 8 (50.0%) | 4 (50.0%) | 8 (53.3%) | 2 (50.0%) | 1.00 2 | |
| Infant birth weight (g) | 3120 (2815–3283) |
2980 (2948–3255) |
2950 (2750–3245) |
3275 (3115–3485) |
0.47 1 | |
| Type of delivery: | Vaginal (n) | 8 (50.0%) | 5 (62.5%) | 5 (33.3%) | 1 (25.0%) | 0.48 2 |
| C-section (n) | 8 (50.0%) | 3 (37.5%) | 10 (66.7%) | 3 (75.0%) | ||
| Prematurity (n) | 0 (0.0%) | 0 (0.0%) | 1 (6.7%) | 1 (25.0%) | 0.14 2 | |
| Infant birth weight categorization: | AGA (n) | 13 (81.3%) | 8 (100.0%) | 14 (93.3%) | 3 (75.0%) | 0.52 2 |
| SGA (n) | 1 (6.3%) | 0 (0.0%) | 1 (6.7%) | 0 (0.0%) | ||
| LGA (n) | 2 (12.5%) | 0 (0.0%) | 0 (0.0%) | 1 (25.0%) | ||
| Infant sex: | Female/Male (n, %) | 10/6 (62.5%/37.5%) | 4/4 (50.0%/50.0%) |
8/7 (53.3%/46.7%) |
3/1 (75.0%/25.0%) |
0.86 2 |
| Apgar score: | at 1 min post-birth | 8.0 (8.0–8.0) | 9.0 (8.0–9.0) | 8.0 (8.0–8.0) | 8.0 (8.0–8.0) | 0.12 1 |
| at 5 min post-birth | 9.0 (9.0–9.0) | 9.0 (9.0–9.0) | 9.0 (9.0–9.0) | 9.0 (9.0–9.0) | 0.23 1 | |
| Complications at delivery (n) | 1 (6.3%) | 0 (0%) | 1 (6.7%) | 2 (50.0%) | 0.07 2 | |
| Composite outcome score components: | Stillbirth (n) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | - |
| Preeclampsia (n) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | - | |
| C-section delivery (n) | 8 (50.0%) | 3 (37.5%) | 10 (66.7%) | 3 (75.0%) | 0.48 2 | |
| Gestational age 24–34 wk (n) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | ||
| Gestational age 34–36 wk (n) | 0 | 0 | 1 (6.7%) | 1 (25.0%) | 0.14 2 | |
| Gestational age ≥ 37 wk, <42 wk (n) | 16 (100%) | 8 (100%) | 14 (93.3%) | 3 (75.0%) | ||
| Gestational age > 42 wk (n) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | ||
| Birth weight < 750 g (n) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | ||
| Birth weight 750–1500 g (n) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | ||
| Birth weight 1500–2500 g (n) | 1 (6.3%) | 0 | 1 (6.7%) | 0 | 1.00 2 | |
| Birth weight 2500–4000 g (n) | 15 (93.8%) | 8 (100%) | 14 (93.3%) | 4 (100%) | ||
| Birth weight > 4000 g (n) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | ||
| Composite maternal-fetal score | 1.3 (0.0–2.5) | 0.0 (0.0–2.5) | 2.5 (0.0–2.5) | 2.5 (2.4–2.5) | 0.36 1 | |
AGA, appropriate-for-gestational age; C-section, cesarean section; IQR, interquartile range; IU, International Units; LED, low energy diet (1800 kcal/day); LGA, large-for-gestational age; SGA, small-for-gestational age; VLED, very low energy diet (1600 kcal/day). 1 According to the Kruskal–Wallis test. 2 Based on the Fisher’s exact test.