Table 3.
Subgroup and meta-regression analyses for the association between fish, n-3 PUFA intake and CVD mortality.
| Comparison | N † | Pooled RRs (95% CI) |
Heterogeneity (I2), p a Value | pb Value | pc Value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Fish Intake and CVD Mortality Risk | 18 | 0.91 (0.85–0.98) | 70.0%, 0.000 | 0.015 | ||
| Country | Asia | 5 | 0.89 (0.78–1.01) | 74.1%, 0.004 | 0.081 | 0.216 |
| Europe and America | 11 | 0.95 (0.84–1.08) | 72.2%, 0.000 | 0.417 | ||
| Oceania | 1 | 0.66 (0.46–0.95) | -- | 0.027 | ||
| Asia, Africa, America, Europe and Oceania | 1 | 0.85 (0.77, 0.94) | -- | 0.001 | ||
| Gender | Men | 2 | 0.76 (0.57–1.02) | 0.0%, 0.773 | 0.067 | 0.442 |
| women | 1 | 0.95 (0.78–1.15) | -- | 0.605 | ||
| Both | 15 | 0.92 (0.85–1.00) | 74.5%, 0.000 | 0.040 | ||
| Follow-up duration | <9 years | 3 | 0.90 (0.76–1.07) | 50.6%, 0.132 | 0.234 | 0.851 |
| ≥9 years | 15 | 0.91 (0.84–0.99) | 72.7%, 0.000 | 0.035 | ||
| Dropout rate | <20% | 11 | 0.93 (0.82–1.06) | 76.7%, 0.000 | 0.284 | 0.557 |
| >20% | 7 | 0.88 (0.82–0.94) | 41.6%, 0.113 | 0.000 | ||
| Excluding history of CVD | Yes | 11 | 0.97 (0.88–1.06) | 77.0%, 0.000 | 0.492 | 0.905 |
| No | 7 | 0.82 (0.75–0.91) | 21.7%, 0.264 | 0.000 | ||
| Adjustment for diabetes | Yes | 11 | 0.93 (0.85, 1.01) | 72.9%, 0.000 | 0.094 | 0.040 |
| No | 4 | 0.84 (0.63, 1.12) | 80.9%, 0.001 | 0.233 | ||
| Others * | 3 | 0.89 (0.76, 1.04) | 34.5%, 0.217 | 0.149 | ||
| Adjustment for smoking | Yes | 16 | 0.92 (0.85, 1.00) | 71.8%, 0.000 | 0.050 | 0.484 |
| No | 2 | 0.71 (0.38, 1.33) | 66.0%, 0.087 | 0.285 | ||
| Marine n-3 PUFA and CVD mortality risk | 10 | 0.87 (0.85–0.89) | 37.8%, 0.106 | 0.000 | ||
| Country | Asia | 3 | 0.82 (0.75–0.89) | 4.9%, 0.349 | 0.000 | 0.212 |
| Europe and America | 6 | 0.88 (0.85–0.90) | 49.2%, 0.08 | 0.000 | ||
| Oceania | 1 | 1.00 (0.62–1.61) | -- | 1.000 | ||
| Gender | Men | 1 | 0.88 (0.51–1.51) | -- | 0.642 | 0.182 |
| Women | 1 | 1.15 (0.87–1.52) | -- | 0.320 | ||
| Both | 8 | 0.87 (0.84–0.89) | 33.3%, 0.162 | 0.000 | ||
| Follow-up duration | <9 years | 2 | 0.78 (0.68-0.90) | 12.1%, 0.286 | 0.001 | 0.192 |
| ≥9 years | 8 | 0.87 (0.85–0.90) | 37.0%, 0.134 | 0.000 | ||
| Dropout rate | <20% | 5 | 0.89 (0.86–0.92) | 51.8%, 0.08 | 0.000 | 0.114 |
| >20% | 5 | 0.84 (0.80–0.87) | 0.0%, 0.877 | 0.000 | ||
| Excluding history of CVD | Yes | 5 | 0.84 (0.81–0.88) | 29.9%, 0.222 | 0.000 | 0.536 |
| No | 5 | 0.89 (0.86–0.92) | 23.4%, 0.266 | 0.000 | ||
| Adjustment for diabetes | Yes | 6 | 0.88 (0.85, 0.90) | 44.4%, 0.109 | 0.000 | 0.060 |
| No | 3 | 0.77 (0.68, 0.88) | 0.0%, 0.745 | 0.000 | ||
| Others * | 1 | 0.79 (0.66, 0.95) | -- | 0.0 11 |
N † Number of included studies; p a for heterogeneity; p b for significance test; p c for meta-regression analysis. Others * All patients were diabetic or not diabetic. n-3 PUFA, n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid; CVD, cardiovascular disease.