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. 2021 Jul 14;13(7):2409. doi: 10.3390/nu13072409

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© 2021 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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Caffeine differently regulates mTOR and AMPK signaling pathways in the M-MΦs and GM-MΦs. Cells were pre-treated with caffeine (1 mM) for 1 h, then stimulated with LPS (100 ng/mL) for the indicated time. Representative immunoblots of phosphorylated mTOR (A), AKT (B), and AMPK (C) obtained from cell lysates of M-MΦs and GM-MΦs. Bar graphs represent the relative protein expression determined by densitometry. β-actin was used as the internal control for normalization. All results are shown as means ± SEM. (* p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001).

Caffeine differently regulates mTOR and AMPK signaling pathways in the M-MΦs and GM-MΦs. Cells were pre-treated with caffeine (1 mM) for 1 h, then stimulated with LPS (100 ng/mL) for the indicated time. Representative immunoblots of phosphorylated mTOR (A), AKT (B), and AMPK (C) obtained from cell lysates of M-MΦs and GM-MΦs. Bar graphs represent the relative protein expression determined by densitometry. β-actin was used as the internal control for normalization. All results are shown as means ± SEM. (* p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001).