Table 1.
Concentration of anthocyanins in fresh weight (FW) and dried weight (DW) in fruits, beverages, and vegetables.
| Source | Maximum Anthocyanin Amount in FW (mg C3G/100 g) | Maximum Anthocyanin Amount in DW (mg C3G/100 g) | Dominant Anthocyanins | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Fruits | ||||
| Açaí | 282.5–303.7 | Cy 3,5-hexose pentose, Cy 3-O-glucoside, Cy 3-O-rutinoside, Pg 3-O-glucoside, Pn 3-O-glucoside, Pn 3-O-rutinoside, Cy 3-(acetyl)hexose | [51] | |
| Acerola | 6.5–8.4 | Cy 3-rhamnoside, Pg 3-rhamnoside Cy, Pg | [51] | |
| Apple | 30.07–71.49 * | Cy 3-galactoside, Cy 3-O-glucoside, Cy 3-arabinoside, Pn 3-galactoside, Cy 7-arabinoside, Cy3-xyloside | [46,52] | |
| Blackberries | 70.3–201 | 909.3 | Cy 3-O-glucoside, Cy 3-O-rutinoside, Cy 3-xyloside, Cy 3-malonylglucoside, Cy 3-dioxalylglucoside | [53,54] |
| Black currants | 218.93 | 32,300 1 | Dp 3-O-glucoside, Dp 3-O- rutinoside, Cy 3-O-glucoside, Cy 3-O- rutinoside | [55,56] |
| Blueberries | 406.90 | 11601 | Dp 3-O-galactoside, Dp 3-O-glucoside, Cy-3-O-galactoside, Dp 3-O-arabinoside, Cy-3-glucoside, Pt-3-galactoside, Cy 3-O-arabinoside, Pt 3-O-glucoside, Pn 3-O-arabinoside, Mv 3-O-galactoside, Mv 3-O-glucoside | [55,57] |
| Chokeberries | 357.20 | Cy 3-O-galactoside, Cy 3-arabinoside, Cy 3-O-glucoside, Cy xyloside | [55,58] | |
| Cranberries | 40.7–207.3 1 | Cy 3-O-galactoside Cy 3-O-glucoside, Cy arabinoside, Pn galactoside, Pn 3-O-glucoside, Pn arabinoside | [59] | |
| Elderberries | 317.51 | 408.6–1066.6 | Cy 3-O-glucoside, Cy 3-O-sambubioside | [55,60] |
| Fig | 0.3–10.9 | 4.6–83 | Cy 3-O-glucoside, Cy 3-O-rutinoside, Cy 3-sambubioside-5-glucoside, Cy 3,5-diglucoside | [61,62] |
| Grapes | 38.70–186.02 1 | 135,960–533,630 1 | Cy, Dp, Mv, Pn, Pt 3-O-glycosides; Mv, Pn, Pt 3-O-coumarylglucosides | [63,64] |
| Haskaps | 449–697 | 2273 | Cy 3,5-di-glucoside; Cy 3-galactoside, Cy 3-O-glucoside, Cy 3-O-rutinoside, Pg 3-O-glucoside; Pn 3-O-glucoside | [65,66] |
| Nectarine | 0.22 | Cy 3-O-glucoside, Cy 3-O-rutinoside | [46,67] | |
| Plums | 7.4–36.6 1 | Cy 3-xyloside, Cy 3-O-glucoside, Cy 3-O-rutinoside, Pn 3-O-rutinoside, Pn 3-O-glucoside, Cy 3-galactoside, Cy 3-(6’’-acetoyl)glucoside | [46,68] | |
| Pomegranate | 1500–2000 | Dp 3,5-diglucoside, Cy 3-O-glucoside, Cy 3,5-diglucoside, Pg 3-O-glucoside, Pg 3,5-diglucoside | [69,70] | |
| Peaches | 0.27–2.50 | 0.28–15.34 1 | Cy 3-O-rutinoside and glucoside | [71,72] |
| Red cabbages | 109–185 | 1111–1780 | Cy 3-diglucoside-5-glucoside, Cy 3-(sinapoyl)(sinapoyl)-diglucoside-5-glucoside, Cy 3-(ρ-coumaroyl)-diglucoside-5-glucoside | [73,74] |
| Red currants | 19.78 | 149.91 1 | Cyanidin-3-O-sambusoside, Cy 3-O-glucoside, Cy 3-O-rutinoside | [55,75] |
| Red pears | 1.2–12.0 1 | Cy 3-O-galactoside, Cy 3-O-glucoside, Cy pentoside, Cy 3-O-arabinoside, Cy 3-O-rutinoside | [76] | |
| Red raspberries | 23.17–68.0 | 260.9–571.8 | Cy 3-O-sophoroside, Cy 3-O-(2’’-O-glucosyl)rutinoside, Cy 3-O-glucoside, Cy 3-O-rutinoside, Cy 3-O-(2’’-O-xylosyl)rutinoside, Pg 3-O-sophoroside, Pg 3-O-glucoside, Cy 3,5-O-diglucoside | [53,55,77] |
| Strawberries | 20–60 1 | 31.9–315.2 2 | Pg 3-O-glucoside, Pg 3-O-glucoside, Cy 3-O-glucoside, Cy 3-O-rutinoside, Pg 3-O-glucoside, Pg 3-O-rutinoside, Pg 3-(malonoyl)glucoside, Pg 3-(6’’-acetoyl)glucoside | [46,78,79] |
| Sweet cherries | 2.06–462.77 1 | 107.70–218.36 1 | Cy, Dp, Pg, Pn 3-O-rutinosides and glucosides, Cy 3-coumaroyl-diglucoside, Cy 3-O-sambubioside, Cy 3-5-diglucoside, Cy 3-sophoroside Cy 3-O-arabinoside Mv 3-O-glucoside-acetaldehyde | [40,80,81] |
| Tamarillo | 29.70–486.84 1 | Dp 3-O-rutinoside, Cy 3-O-rutinoside, Cy 3-O-glucoside, Pg 3-O-rutinoside | [82] | |
| Tart cherries | 65.06–82.40 | 114.59 | Cy, Cy 3-O-sophoroside, Cy 3-glucosylrutinoside, Cy 3-O-glucoside, Cy 3-O-rutinoside, Pn 3-O-rutinoside | [55,83] |
| Tomato | 7.1 1 | 5.48–29.86 3 | Dp glycoside, Dp rutinoside, Dp ρ-coumaroyl-rutinoside Mv glycoside, Mv rutinoside, Mv ρ-coumaroyl-rutinoside-glycoside, Pt rutinoside, Pt ρ-coumaroyl-rutinoside, Pt ρ-coumaroyl-rutinoside-glycoside | [84,85] |
| Vegetables | ||||
| Black carrot | 22.45 * | 1.74–4.54 1 | Cy 3-(ρ-coumaroyl)-diglucoside-5-glucoside | [47,86] |
| Eggplant | 6.31 | 138 4 | Dp 3-(ρ-coumaroylrutinoside)-5-glucoside, Dp 3-O-glucoside, Dp 3-glucosyl-rhamnoside, Pt -3-O-rutinoside, Cy -3-O-rutinoside | [49,50] |
| Purple sweet potato | 42.37 * | Pn 3-O-sophoroside-5-O-glucoside, Pn 3-O-glucoside, Cy 3-ρ-hydroxybenzoylsophoroside-5-glucoside, Pn 3-ρ-hydroxybenzoylsophoroside-5-glucoside, Cy 3-caffeoylsophoroside-5-glucoside, Pn 3-caffeoylsophoroside-5-glucoside, Cyanidin-3-caffeoyl- ρ-hydroxybenzoylsophoroside-5-glucoside, Pn 3-dicaffeoylsophoroside-5-glucoside, Pn 3-caffeoyl-ρ-hydroxybenzoylsophoroside-5-glucoside, Pn 3-caffeoy-feruloylsophoroside-5-glucosie | [47] | |
| Red Chicory | 39.20 * | Cy 3-O-glucoside, Cy 3-O-(6”-malonyl-glucoside) | [47] | |
| Red onion | 29.99 | Cy 3-O-glucoside, Cy 3-O-laminaribioside, Cy 3-(6’’-malonyl-glucoside), Cy 3-(6”-malonyl- laminaribioside), Cy 3-xylosylglucosylgalactoside, Dp 3,5-diglycosides | [47,87] | |
| Beverages | ||||
| Blackberry juice | 12.3–107 | Cy 3-O-glycoside, Cy 3-O-rutinoside, Cy 3-xyloside, Cy malonylglucoside, Cy dioxalylglucoside | [54] | |
| Pomegranate juice | 7.2–20 1 | Cy 3-O-glucoside, Cy 3,5-diglucoside, Dp 3,5-diglucoside, Cy 3,5-diglucoside, Pg 3,5-diglucoside, Dp 3-glucoside, Cy 3- O-glucoside; Pg 3-O-glucoside | [88] | |
| Red wine | 32.71–87.17 1 | Cy, Dp, Mv, Pn, Pt 3-O-glycosides, Pn 3-O-acetylglucoside, Mv 3-O-acetylglucoside, Mv 3-O-coumarylglucoside, Pn 3-O-ρ-coumarylglucoside; | [48,89] | |
| Tart cherry juice | 72.2 | Cy 3-sophoroside, Cy 3-glucosylrutinoside, Cy 3-O-glucoside, Cy 3-O-rutinoside, Cy, Pg, Pn 3-O-glucoside | [90] | |
FW, fresh weight; DW, dry weight; Cy, cyanidin; Dp, delphinidin; Mv, malvidin; Pg, pelargonidin; Pn, peonidin; Pt, petunidin. * mg cyanidin 3-galactoside equivalent per 100 g. 1 Total amount (weight) of anthocyanins identified by HPLC method. 2 mg pelargonidin 3-glucoside equivalent per 100 g. 3 mg malvidin 3-rutinoside equivalent per 100 g. 4 Delphinidin 3-glucoside equivalent per 100 g.