Table 2.
Human studies considering the pharmacokinetic parameters of anthocyanins, after ingestion of common foods and beverages rich in this type of compound.
| Intake | n (a) | Total Anthocyanins Intake | Cmax (b) | tmax (h) (c) | AUC (d) | Urinary Excretion (%) | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Foods | |||||||
| Blueberries (100 g) | 5 | 1200 mg | 13.1 ng/mL | 4 | [57] | ||
| Elderberries (12 g) | 4 | 720 mg | 97.4 nmol/L | 1.2 h | [94] | ||
| Red raspberries (300 g) | 9 | 292 µmol | 0.1–180 nmol/L | 1–1.5 | 0.007% (1–1.5 h) | [77] | |
| Beverages | |||||||
| Red wine (300 mL) | 6 | 218 mg | 6 | 1.5–5.1% (12 h) | [89] | ||
| Red grape juice (400 mL) | 9 | Cy 3-O-glucoside | 0.42 ng/mL | 0.5 | 0.60 ng × h/mL (3 h) | 0.09% (7 h) | [97] |
| Dp 3-O-glucoside | 6.12 ng/mL | 0.5 | 11.9 ng × h/mL (3 h) | 0.20% (7 h) | |||
| Mv 3-O-glucoside | 48.8 ng/mL | 0.5 | 71.7 ng × h/mL (3 h) | 0.18% (7 h) | |||
| Pn 3-O-glucoside | 27.3 ng/mL | 0.5 | 49.7 ng × h/mL (3 h) | 0.29% (7 h) | |||
| Pt 3-O-glucoside | 16.1 ng/mL | 0.5 | 31.5 ng × h/mL (3 h) | 0.32% (7 h) | |||
| Σ = 283.5 mg | 100.1 ng/mL | 0.5 | 168.4 ng × h/mL | ||||
| Black currant juice (150 mL) | 8 | Cy 3-O-glucoside: 0.165 mg | 5.0 nmol/L | 1.34 | 11.0–19.6 ng × h/mL (4 h) | 0.060% (8 h) | [96] |
| Cy 3-O-rutinoside: 1.24 mg | 46.3 nmol/L | 3.45 | 19.6–24.9 ng × h/mL (4 h) | 0.098% (8 h) | |||
| Dp 3-O-glucoside: 0.488 mg | 22.7 nmol/L | 4.19 | 11.0–16.3 ng × h/mL (4 h) | 0.066 (8 h) | |||
| Dp 3-O-rutinoside: 1.68 mg | 73.4 nmol/L | 3.18 | 16.3–24.9 ng × h/mL (4 h) | 0.11% (8 h) | |||
| Açaí Juice (7 mL/kg of body weight) | 12 | 165.9 mg/L | 1138.51 ng/L | 2 | 3314.04 ng × h/L (12 h) | [11] | |
| Cranberry Juice (480 mL) | 15 | Cy 3-O-galactoside (18.7 mg) | 1.38 nmol/L | 1.27 | 3.91 nmol × h/L (4 h) | 0.007% (4 h) | [98] |
| Cy 3-O-glucoside (1.58 mg) | 0.93 nmol/L | 1.13 | 1.99 nmol × h/L (4 h) | 0.007% (4 h) | |||
| Cy 3-O-arabinoside (16.47 mg) | 3.61 nmol/L | 1.47 | 9.16 nmol × h/L (4 h) | 0.010% (4 h) | |||
| Mv 3-O-glucoside | 0.56 nmol/L | 0.93 | 1.25 nmol × h/L (4 h) | ||||
| Pn 3-O-galactoside (30.83 mg) | 4.64 nmol/L | 1.47 | 12.00 nmol × h/L (4 h) | 0.015% (4 h) | |||
| Pn 3-O-glucoside (5.85 mg) | 0.71 nmol/L | 1.40 | 1.85 nmol × h/L (4 h) | 0.029% (4 h) | |||
| Pn 3-O-arabinose (21.03 mg) | 1.78 nmol/L | 1.27 | 4.13 nmol × h/L (4 h) | 0.010% (4 h) | |||
| Σ = 94.47 mg | |||||||
| Tart cherry juice (60 mL) | 12 | 62.47 mg/L | 2.75 µg × h/mL | 1 | 106.4 µg × h/mL | [99] | |
| Grape/blueberry juice (330 mL) | 10 | 3,4-dihydroxybenzoic acid | 7.6 nmol/L | 1 | 568 nmol × min/L | [100] | |
| Cy 3-O-glucoside | 0.10 nmol/L | 1 | 6 nmol × min/L | ||||
| Dp 3-O-glucoside | 0.18 nmol/L | 1.1 | 10 nmol × min/L | ||||
| Mv 3-O-glucoside | 1.5 nmol/L | 1.1 | 103 nmol × min/L | ||||
| Mv 3-O-glucuronide | 1.1 nmol/L | 2 | 114 nmol × min/L | ||||
| Pn 3-O-glucuronide | 1.1 nmol/L | 1.8 | 114 nmol × min/L | ||||
| Pn 3-O-glucoside | 1.7 nmol/L | 1 | 52 nmol × min/L | ||||
| Pt 3-O-glucoside | 0.8 nmol/L | 1 | 12 nmol × min/L | ||||
| Σ = 841 mg/L | 1.21 nmol/L | ||||||
| Orange juice | 18 | 53.09 mg/L | 0.63 nmol/L | 0.96 | 8.99 nmol × h/L (8 h) | 43–53% (2 h) | [101] |
| Chokeberry juice (0.8 mg/kg of body weight) | 13 | 32.7 nmol/L | 1.3 | 109.4 nmol × h/L (1 h) | 0.25 (24 h) | [102] | |
| Strawberry juice (34.7 mg) | 14 | Cy 3-O-glucoside: 7.8 µmol | 0.6 nmol/L | 2.1 | 1.7 nmol × h/L (10 h) | [95] | |
| Pg glucuronide | 38.0 nmol/L | 1.7 | 123.8 nmol × h/L (10 h) | ||||
| Pg-3-O-glucoside: 58.8 µmol | 5.2 nmol/L | 1.3 | 15.0 nmol × h/L (10 h) | ||||
| Pg 3-O-rutinoside: 9.7 µmol | 0.4 nmol/L | 1.9 | 1.4 nmol × h/L (10 h) | ||||
| Σ = 76.6 µmol | |||||||
(a) Number of participants. (b) Maximum concentration in plasma. (c) Time to reach Cmax in plasma. (d) Area under the curve, which describes the exposure of a compound over a set period of time.