Table 1.

Study participants of whom serum samples were analyzed for presence of leiomodin-1 antibodies.

Region and Type of Study	Study Participants	Number
Ituri Province, Logo health zone, clinical trial [14], case–control study [12,13], REMO study [15]	OAE, skin snip and/or OV16 RDT positive	54
	No epilepsy, O. volvulus infection	42
	No epilepsy and no O. volvulus infection 1	19
Epilepsy centers and academic hospitals, the Netherlands [18]	Focal epilepsy without antibodies associated with encephalitis	12
	Healthy volunteers	4

¹ Skin snips were not obtained, but men were considered not to be infected with O. volvulus in the absence of subcutaneous Onchocerca nodules together with a negative OV16 RDT.