Figure 10.

Protective mechanisms activated in response to α-Gal and probiotics with high α-Gal content. Mechanisms regulating immunity and metabolism induced by α-Gal and probiotic bacteria with high α-Gal content included modification of gut microbiota composition, B-cell maturation, anti-α-Gal antibodies-mediated control of mycobacteria, induced innate immune responses, beneficial effects on nutrient metabolism and reduced oxidative stress. Probiotics activated different mechanisms associated with the response to α-Gal.