Table 3.
Studies on the association of BPA with fetal growth.
| Study | Participants—Country—Type of Study | Biological Sample—Time—Method of Detection—Detection Limit/Limit of Quantification | Median Concentration-50th Percentile/Mean Concentration/ | BW/EFW | BL/WFL | SGA/LBW | AC/FL/HC/BPD | PI | PW/PBWR |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Krętowska et al., 2019 [34] | 52—Poland cohort study | Maternal blood, amniotic fluid—between 15 and 18 weeks—GC-MS | 8.69 ng/mL (plasma), 1.03 ng/mL (amniotic fluid)/- | ↓ BPA permeability factor—BW (R = −0.54, p < 0.001) |
|||||
| Pinney et al., 2017 [35] | 130—USA cohort study | Amniotic fluid—between 16 and 22 weeks (mean 17.2)—LC-ECAPCI-MS/MS—0.08 ng/mL/0.25 ng/mL | 0.36 ng/mL/- | ↓ 241.8 g (group with 0.41–2.0 ng/mL BPA compared to group with ≤0.25 ng/mL | |||||
| Burstyn et al., 2013 [36] | 1100 –Canada case–control study | Maternal serum—15–16 weeks—APCI-MS/MS—0.1 ng/mL | -/0.5 ng/mL (mean difference: 0 ng/mL) | - | |||||
| Phillipat et al., 2014 [37] | 520—France cohort study |
Maternal urine -between 22 and 29 weeks—0.4 ng/mL | 2.4 ng/mL/- | -/- | - | -/-/-/- | |||
| Phillipat et al., 2019 [38] | 473—France cohort study |
Maternal urine—between 23 and 29 weeks—online solid phase extraction—HPLC-electrospray ionization-tandem mass spectrometry—0.4 ng/mL | 2.34 ng/mL/- | - | -/- | ||||
| Lee et al., 2014 [39] | 757—Korea cohort study |
Maternal urine—28–42 weeks—HPLC-isotope dilution tandem mass spectrometry—0.12–0.28 ng/mL | 1.08 ng/mL (1.63 μg/g creatinine)/1.29 ng/mL (1.87 μg/g creatinine) | ↑ 66.9 g in ♂ (second tertile compared to first) | - | ↑ 0.12 g/cm3 × 100 in ♀ (r = 0.11) | |||
| Lee et al., 2018 [40] | 788—Korea cohort study |
Maternal urine—third trimester Neonatal urine—HPLC-isotope dilution tandem mass spectrometry −0.12–0.28 ng/mL |
-/1.26 μg/g Cr | ↑ in BPA by 1 log-transformed unit of BPA/Cr: ↑ z-score 0.05 and 0.06 in ♂/- | ↑ in BPA by 1 log-transformed unit of BPA/Cr: -/↑ 0.05 0.07 in ♀ | ↑ in BPA by 1 log-transformed unit of BPA/Cr: ↓ FL 0.03 cm and 0.06 cm (GSTs) | |||
| Dalkan et al., 2019 [41] | 150—Cyprus cohort study |
Cord blood—delivery—sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA)— |
-/48.3 ± 2.22 ng/mL | -/ | -/ | - (HC) | |||
| Chou et al., 2011 [42] | 97—Taiwan cohort study | Maternal blood, umbilical cord blood—delivery—HPLC/UV detector—0.13 ng/mL | -/2.5 ng/mL (maternal blood) and 0.5 ng/mL (umbilical cord blood) | ↑ (OR = 2.01)/ ↑ (OR = 2.42) | |||||
| Gounden et al., 2019 [43] | 90—South Africa cohort study | Maternal blood, umbilical cord blood—third trimester –ultra HPLC–MS/MS—0.12 ng/mL | Maternal blood: BPA (0.95 ng/mL), BPA-glucuronide (4.71 ng/mL), cord blood: BPA (0.92 ng/mL), BPA-glucuronide (4.21 ng/mL)/- | ↑ (cord blood BPA)/ | |||||
| Xu et al., 2015 [44] | 200—China cohort study | Cord blood, placenta—delivery—GC/MS | 6.369 ng/mL (exposed group) 2.824 ng/mL (reference group)/- | -/ | -/ | ||||
| Wang et al., 2017 [45] | 620—China cohort study | Maternal urine—delivery -HPLC-MS/MS—0.1 ng/mL | -/1.32 ng/mL | -/ | - | ||||
| Troisi et al., 2014 [46] | 200—USA case–control study | Placenta—delivery—isotope dilution GC-MS |
-/103.4 ± 61.8 ng/g | -/↓ CBWC for ↑ BPA (p = 0.0112, r = −0.179) | ↑ BPA (157.9 ng/g)/↑ BPA (125.4 ng/g) in cases | ||||
| Huo et al., 2015 [47] | 452—China case–control study | Maternal urine—delivery—UPLC–MS/MS—0.2 ng/mL | 4.70 ng/mL (cases) 2.25 ng/mL (controls) p < 0.05/- | -/↑ Risk, OR = 3.13 for the medium tertile, OR = 2.49 for the highest tertile | |||||
| Ding et al., 2017 [48] | 496—China cohort study | Maternal urine—delivery—HPLC-MS/MS—0.1 ng/mL | 0.48 ng/mL, 1.07 μg/g creatinine/- | - | 10-fold ↑ in BPA ↑ 0.63 cm in ♂/- |
- (HC) | - | ||
| Tang et al., 2013 [49] | 567—China cohort study | Maternal urine—delivery—UPLC–MS/MS—0.36 ng/mL | -/0.91 ng/mL | -/ | -/ | ||||
| Padmanabhan et al., 2008 [50] | 40—USA cohort study | Maternal blood—delivery—HPLC-MS/MS—0.5 ng/mL | -/5.9 ng/mL | -/ | |||||
| Veiga-Lopez et al., 2015 [51] | 80—USA cohort study | Maternal blood— 8—14 weeks and delivery Umbilical cord blood—delivery—HPLC-MS/MS—Phase 1: 0.05 ng/mL, Phase 2: 0.02 ng/mL |
-/Phase 1: Maternal blood (8–14 weeks: 1.0 ng/mL, delivery 1.7 ng/mL, umbilical cord blood 0.5 ng/mL Phase 2: Maternal blood (8–14 weeks: 4.8 ng/mL, delivery 11.9 ng/mL, umbilical cord blood 3.1 ng/mL | ↓ (−55 g and −183 g in ♀ for 2-fold increase in BPA (8–14 weeks)/ | |||||
| Huang et al., 2017 [52] | 162—Taiwan cohort study | Maternal urine—11, 26 weeks and delivery- time-of-flight mass spectrometer with an electrospray interface and UPLC—0.16 ng/mL | /11 weeks: 0.17 μg/g creatinine, 26 weeks: 0.37 μg/g creatinine, delivery: 0.34 μg/g creatinine | -/ | -/ | ↓ (HC) −0.52 cm (3rd trimester) | |||
| Mustieles et al., 2018 [53] | 346—USA cohort study | Maternal and paternal urine (preconception, 6, 21 and 35 weeks)—HPLC-MS/MS—0.4 ng/mL | /1.6 ng/mL (paternal), 1.5 ng/mL (maternal preconception) and 1.2 ng/mL (maternal prenatal) | each ln unit ↑ in BPA: ↓ 119 g (maternal preconception)/ | ↑ in BPA: ↓ HC 0.72 cm (maternal preconception) | ||||
| Aker et al., 2019 [54] | 922—Puerto Rico cohort study | Maternal urine—16–20, 20–24 and 24–28 weeks—HPLC-MS/MS—0.2 ng/mL | /2.02 ng/mL (all), 2.16 ng/mL (16–20 weeks), 2.07 ng/mL (20–24 weeks), 1.78 ng/mL (24–28 weeks) | -/ | |||||
| Woods et al., 2017 [55] | 272—USA cohort study | Maternal urine, maternal blood—16 and 26 weeks/LC -MS or GC-MS—0.4 μg/g | /2.1 μg/g | -/ | |||||
| Ferguson et al., 2016 [56] | 482—USA cohort study | Maternal urine—at median 10, 18, 26, and 35 weeks, LC-MS/MS | 1.28 ng/mL (10 weeks), 1.33 ng/mL (18 and 26 weeks), 1.32 ng/mL (35 weeks)/ | -/- | -/-/-/ | ||||
| Casas et al., 2016 [57] | 470—Spain cohort study | Maternal urine—12 and 32 weeks—LC-MS-0.1 ng/mL, 0.1 μg/g (creatinine-adjusted) | -/2.3 ng/mL, 2.6 μg/g | -/↓ (–5.74% SD) in ♂ (12 to 20 weeks), ↑ in ♀ (12 weeks)—not creatinine-adjusted |
↑ (6.41% SD) in ♀ (12 weeks)/↓ in ♂ (12 to 20 weeks)/-/- | ||||
| Snijder et al., 2013 [58] | 219—Netherlands cohort study | Maternal urine—13, 21 and 30 weeks—tandem mass spectrometry—0.26 ng/mL, 0.05 ng/mL | -/1.7 µg/g, 3.2 µg/g | -/↓ (–683 g) | -/-/↓ (–3.9 cm)/- |
Abbreviations: BW, birth weight; EFW, estimated fetal weight; BL, birth length; WFL, z-score for weight-for-length at birth; SGA, small for gestational age; LBW, low birth weight; AC, abdominal circumference; FL, femur length; HC, head circumference; BPD, biparietal diameter; PI, ponderal index; PW, placental weight; PBWR, placental-to-birth weight ratio; CBWC, calculated birth weight centile; GC-MS, gas chromatography-mass spectrometry; LC-ECAPCI-MS/MS, liquid chromatography-electron capture atmospheric pressure chemical ionization-tandem mass spectrometry; APCI-MS/MS, atmospheric pressure chemical ionization and tandem mass spectrometry; HPLC, high-performance liquid chromatography; HPLC-MS/MS, high-performance liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry; UPLC–MS/MS, ultra-performance liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry; glutathione transferases, GST; ♂, males; ♀, females; ↑: Outcome was increased in the presence of BPA; ↓: outcome was decreased in the presence of BPA; —: outcome was not influenced by the presence of BPA; blank boxes indicate that the outcome was not investigated.