Table 2.
Suspected drug classes and risk of hospitalization.
| ED Visits for ADEs | ED Visits for ADEs | Adjusted ROR | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Resulting in Hospitalization | (95% CI) | |||||
| Women | Men | Women | Men | Women | Men | |
| N = 35,010 (%) | N = 26,845 (%) | N = 10,592 (row %) | N = 8326 (row %) | |||
| Blood and Blood Forming Organs B | ||||||
| Anticoagulants (B01AA, B01AB, B01AE, B01AF, B01AX) | 1363 (3.9) | 1044 (3.9) | 672 (57.0) | 507 (43.0) | 1.13 (1.00–1.26) | 1.14 (1.00–1.30) |
| Vitamin K Antagonists (B01AA) | 824 (2.4) | 652 (2.4) | 414 (55.1) | 337 (44.9) | 1.12 (0.97–1.29) | 1.28 (1.09–1.50) |
| Factor Xa Inhibitors (B01AF) | 77 (0.2) | 57 (0.2) | 31 (58.5) | 22 (41.5) | 0.78 (0.49–1.24) | 0.79 (0.46–1.36) |
| Unfractionated and Low-Molecular-Weight Heparins (B01AB) | 341 (1.0) | 240 (0.9) | 181 (61.2) | 115 (38.9) | 1.41 (1.13–1.76) | 1.16 (0.89–1.50) |
| Direct Thrombin Inhibitors (B01AE) | 56 (0.2) | 46 (0.2) | 25 (61.0) | 16 (39.0) | 0.96 (0.56–1.64) | 0.60 (0.32–1.12) |
| Antiplatelets (B01AC) | 3294 (9.4) | 2927 (10.9) | 1490 (54.9) | 1226 (45.1) | 0.92 (0.85–1.00) | 0.81 (0.74–0.88) |
| Acetylsalicylic Acid (B01AC06) | 2679 (7.7) | 2435 (9.1) | 1206 (54.8) | 995 (45.2) | 0.94 (0.86–1.02) | 0.79 (0.72–0.87) |
| Platelet P2Y12 Receptor Antagonists (B01AC04, B01AC05, B01AC22, B01AC24, B01AC25) | 689 (2.0) | 705 (2.6) | 317 (51.5) | 299 (48.5) | 0.91 (0.78–1.07) | 0.81 (0.69–0.95) |
| Antihemorrhagics, Antianaemic and Perfusion Preparations (B02, B03, B05) | 828 (2.4) | 680 (2.5) | 438 (54.3) | 369 (45.7) | 1.32 (1.14–1.52) | 1.33 (1.13–1.56) |
| Nervous System N | ||||||
| Analgesics (N02) | 1346 (3.8) | 775 (2.9) | 490 (61.3) | 309 (38.7) | 0.85 (0.75–0.96) | 1.07 (0.91–1.24) |
| Opioid Analgesics (N02A) | 737 (2.1) | 405 (1.5) | 323 (60.7) | 209 (39.3) | 0.94 (0.81–1.10) | 1.30 (1.06–1.60) |
| Nonopioid Analgesics (N02B) | 615 (1.8) | 387 (1.4) | 174 (60.8) | 112 (39.2) | 0.74 (0.61–0.89) | 0.85 (0.67–1.07) |
| Antimigraine Preparations (N02C) | 43 (0.1) | 10 (0.04) | 12 (85.7) | 2 (14.3) | 0.77 (0.39–1.54) | 0.43 (0.09–2.08) |
| Sedative or Hypnotic Agents (N05B, N05C) | 2422 (6.9) | 1111 (4.1) | 1110 (67.9) | 525 (32.1) | 1.11 (1.01–1.21) | 1.15 (1.02–1.31) |
| Benzodiazepines (N05BA, N05CD) | 2251 (6.4) | 1008 (3.8) | 1034 (68.6) | 473 (31.4) | 1.12 (1.02–1.22) | 1.15 (1.01–1.32) |
| Nonbenzodiazepine or Nonbarbiturate Sedatives (N05CF) | 200 (0.6) | 99 (0.4) | 92 (63.5) | 53 (36.6) | 1.04 (0.78–1.38) | 1.33 (0.89–1.99) |
| Antidepressants (N06A) | 2385 (6.8) | 1116 (4.2) | 1101 (68.0) | 519 (32.0) | 1.12 (1.03–1.23) | 1.08 (0.95–1.23) |
| Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors (N06AB) | 1489 (4.3) | 669 (2.5) | 705 (69.7) | 306 (30.3) | 1.19 (1.07–1.33) | 1.07 (0.91–1.26) |
| Nonselective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors (N06AA) | 141 (0.4) | 73 (0.3) | 57 (62.6) | 34 (37.4) | 1.01 (0.71–1.42) | 1.27 (0.79–2.04) |
| Other Antidepressants (N06AF, N06AG, N06AX) | 917 (2.6) | 444 (1.7) | 425 (66.6) | 213 (33.4) | 1.05 (0.91–1.20) | 1.07 (0.88–1.30) |
| Antipsychotics (N05A) | 1051 (3.0) | 673 (2.5) | 569 (61.7) | 353 (38.3) | 1.57 (1.38–1.79) | 1.44 (1.22–1.68) |
| Antiepileptics (N03) | 1353 (3.9) | 960 (3.6) | 637 (58.2) | 457 (41.8) | 1.23 (1.10–1.39) | 1.21 (1.05–1.38) |
| Anti-Parkinson Drugs (N04) | 395 (1.1) | 340 (1.3) | 192 (54.7) | 159 (45.3) | 1.06 (0.86–1.30) | 0.99 (0.80–1.24) |
| Other Nervous System Agents (N01, N07) | 164 (0.5) | 131 (0.5) | 65 (53.3) | 57 (46.7) | 0.90 (0.66–1.25) | 1.25 (0.87–1.78) |
| Anti-Infectives for Systemic Use J | ||||||
| Antibacterials (J01) | 740 (2.1) | 591 (2.2) | 227 (52.8) | 203 (47.2) | 0.79 (0.67–0.94) | 0.92 (0.77–1.10) |
| Penicillins (J01C) | 260 (0.7) | 221 (0.8) | 61 (45.5) | 73 (54.5) | 0.62 (0.46–0.83) | 1.05 (0.78–1.41) |
| Quinolones (J01M) | 190 (0.5) | 179 (0.7) | 76 (55.1) | 62 (44.9) | 1.08 (0.79–1.46) | 0.76 (0.56–1.05) |
| Cephalosporins (J01D) | 121 (0.4) | 89 (0.3) | 45 (52.3) | 41 (47.7) | 1.00 (0.68–1.48) | 1.30 (0.84–2.01) |
| Macrolides (J01F) | 122 (0.4) | 81 (0.3) | 41 (63.1) | 24 (36.9) | 0.90 (0.61–1.34) | 0.83 (0.50–1.36) |
| Sulfamethoxazole and Trimethoprim (J01E) | 40 (0.1) | 37 (0.1) | 15 (50.0) | 15 (50.0) | 0.88 (0.45–1.71) | 1.03 (0.53–2.00) |
| Other Antibacterials (J01A, J01B, J01G, J01R, J01X) | 60 (0.2) | 29 (0.1) | 14 (51.9) | 13 (48.2) | 0.54 (0.29–0.99) | 1.40 (0.66–2.96) |
| Vaccines (J07) | 34 (0.1) | 45 (0.2) | 3 (50.0) | 3 (50.0) | 0.37 (0.11–1.23) | 0.33 (0.10–1.10) |
| Antivirals and Antiretrovirals (J05) | 91 (0.3) | 154 (0.6) | 29 (32.6) | 60 (67.4) | 0.77 (0.49–1.22) | 0.95 (0.68–1.33) |
| Other Anti-Infective Agents (J02, J04, J06) | 49 (0.1) | 44 (0.2) | 20 (58.8) | 14 (41.2) | 0.98 (0.55–1.77) | 0.69 (0.36–1.33) |
| Cardiovascular System C | ||||||
| Renin–Angiotensin System Inhibitors (C09) | 5793 (16.6) | 4998 (18.6) | 2531 (53.7) | 2181 (46.3) | 0.89 (0.83–0.95) | 0.91 (0.84–0.98) |
| ACE Inhibitors (Plain and Combinations) (C09A, C09B) | 3255 (9.3) | 3120 (11.6) | 1477 (51.4) | 1399(48.6) | 0.99 (0.92–1.08) | 0.99 (0.91–1.08) |
| Angiotensin II Receptor Blockers (Plain and Combinations) (C09C, C09D) | 2620 (7.5) | 1990 (7.4) | 1092 (56.4) | 843 (43.6) | 0.84 (0.77–0.91) | 0.88 (0.80–0.98) |
| Diuretics (C03) | 4004 (11.4) | 3203 (11.9) | 2100 (56.3) | 1633 (43.7) | 1.25 (1.15–1.36) | 1.16 (1.06–1.26) |
| Low-Ceiling Diuretics (C03A, C03B) | 156 (0.5) | 120 (0.5) | 64 (54.2) | 54 (45.8) | 0.83 (0.60–1.15) | 0.87 (0.60–1.26) |
| High-Ceiling Diuretics (C03C) | 3225 (9.2) | 2745 (10.2) | 1743 (55.2) | 1413 (44.8) | 1.29 (1.18–1.41) | 1.16 (1.05–1.27) |
| Beta Blocking Agents (C07) | 4482 (12.8) | 4004 (14.9) | 2000 (52.6) | 1805 (47.4) | 0.92 (0.85–0.99) | 0.94 (0.87–1.03) |
| Calcium Channel Blockers (C08) | 2213 (6.3) | 1929 (7.2) | 1033 (53.9) | 884 (46.1) | 0.99 (0.90–1.09) | 0.97 (0.88–1.08) |
| Antiarrhythmics (C01B) | 935 (2.7) | 989 (3.7) | 438 (48.0) | 475 (52.0) | 1.01 (0.89–1.16) | 1.09 (0.96–1.25) |
| Lipid Modifying Agents (C10) | 3029 (8.7) | 3361 (12.5) | 1311 (46.3) | 1519 (53.7) | 0.84 (0.77–0.91) | 0.92 (0.85–1.01) |
| Digitalis Glycosides (C01AA) | 813 (2.3) | 463 (1.7) | 425 (62.8) | 252 (37.2) | 1.10 (0.95–1.27) | 1.32 (1.09–1.59) |
| Antiadrenergic Agents C02CA | 435 (1.2) | 490 (1.8) | 208 (49.9) | 209 (50.1) | 1.03 (0.85–1.26) | 0.84 (0.70–1.02) |
| Other Cardiovascular Agents (C01, C02, C04, C05, Excluding C01AA and C02CA) | 1991 (5.7) | 2082 (7.8) | 1008 (49.4) | 1033 (50.6) | 1.13 (1.02–1.25) | 1.14 (1.03–1.25) |
| Alimentary Tract and Metabolism A | ||||||
| Diabetes agents (A10) | 1991 (5.7) | 1864 (6.9) | 961 (52.6) | 867 (47.4) | 1.13 (1.02–1.24) | 1.06 (0.96–1.18) |
| Insulins (A10A) | 662 (1.9) | 641 (2.4) | 345 (52.3) | 315 (47.7) | 1.32 (1.12–1.55) | 1.19 (1.01–1.41) |
| Oral diabetes agents (A10B) | 1475 (4.2) | 1360 (5.1) | 692 (53.2) | 610 (46.9) | 1.04 (0.93–1.16) | 0.96 (0.86–1.08) |
| Antiulcer and antacid agents (A02B, A02A) | 4899 (14.0) | 3975 (14.8) | 2319 (55.3) | 1872 (44.7) | 1.06 (0.98–1.14) | 1.04 (0.96–1.13) |
| Antiemetics and antinauseants (A03F, A04) | 329 (0.9) | 152 (0.6) | 142 (65.1) | 76 (34.9) | 1.01 (0.81–1.27) | 1.24 (0.89–1.72) |
| Antidiarrheals (A07) | 301 (0.9) | 263 (1.0) | 114 (51.4) | 108 (48.7) | 0.81 (0.63–1.03) | 0.92 (0.72–1.19) |
| Drugs for constipation (A06) | 260 (0.7) | 158 (0.6) | 141 (63.2) | 82 (36.8) | 1.27 (0.99–1.63) | 1.21 (0.88–1.67) |
| Stomatological preparations (A01) | 11 (0.03) | 7 (0.03) | 2 (50.0) | 2 (50.0) | 0.50 (0.10–2.35) | 0.77 (0.14–4.19) |
| Other gastrointestinal agents (A03, A05, A08, A09, A11, A12, A13, A14, A15, A16, excluding A03F) | 928 (2.7) | 576 (2.2) | 472 (61.9) | 291 (38.1) | 1.19 (1.04–1.37) | 1.18 (0.99–1.40) |
| Musculoskeletal system M | ||||||
| Nonsteroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs (M01A) | 608 (1.7) | 322 (1.2) | 170 (63.4) | 98 (36.6) | 0.66 (0.55–0.79) | 0.83 (0.65–1.07) |
| Ketoprofen (M01AE03, M01AE53) | 103 (0.3) | 52 (0.2) | 26 (65.0) | 14 (35.0) | 0.69 (0.44–1.09) | 0.82 (0.44–1.54) |
| Ibuprofen (M01AE01, M01AE51) | 172 (0.5) | 111 (0.4) | 37 (62.7) | 22 (37.3) | 0.52 (0.36–0.76) | 0.56 (0.34–0.90) |
| Diclofenac (M01AB05, M01AB55) | 88 (0.3) | 50 (0.2) | 36 (65.5) | 19 (34.6) | 1.12 (0.72–1.74) | 1.04 (0.58–1.86) |
| Nimesulide (M01AX17) | 56 (0.2) | 24 (0.09) | 16 (55.2) | 13 (44.8) | 0.81 (0.45–1.47) | 2.19 (0.96–5.02) |
| Ketorolac (M01AB15) | 55 (0.2) | 35 (0.1) | 13 (54.2) | 11 (45.8) | 0.47 (0.25–0.89) | 0.72 (0.34–1.48) |
| Naproxen (M01AE02, M01AE52, M01AE56) | 21 (0.06) | 8 (0.03) | 6 (75.0) | 2 (25.0) | 0.65 (0.25–1.73) | 0.61 (0.12–3.12) |
| Etoricoxib (M01AH05) | 57 (0.2) | 16 (0.06) | 23 (76.7) | 7 (23.3) | 0.83 (0.48–1.42) | 1.11 (0.41–3.04) |
| Others (M01AA, M01AC, M01AG, M01AX) | 83 (0.2) | 32 (0.1) | 22 (61.1) | 14 (38.9) | 0.62 (0.37–1.02) | 1.49 (0.72–3.08) |
| Muscle Relaxants (M03) | 112 (0.3) | 79 (0.3) | 33 (55.9) | 26 (44.1) | 0.69 (0.46–1.05) | 0.72 (0.44–1.17) |
| Antigout Preparations (M04) | 1138 (3.3) | 1388 (5.2) | 616 (47.1) | 692 (52.9) | 1.20 (1.06–1.37) | 1.08 (0.96–1.22) |
| Topical Products (M02) | 26 (0.07) | 20 (0.07) | 8 (80.0) | 2 (20.0) | 0.88 (0.37–2.08) | 0.22 (0.05–0.98) |
| Bisphosphonates (M05) | 356 (1.0) | 59 (0.2) | 145 (82.4) | 31 (17.6) | 0.83 (0.66–1.03) | 1.25 (0.74–2.10) |
| Antineoplastic and Immunomodulating Agents L | ||||||
| Antineoplastic Agents (L01) | 260 (0.7) | 144 (0.5) | 95 (64.2) | 53 (35.8) | 0.79 (0.61–1.03) | 0.77 (0.55–1.10) |
| Immune Modulators (L03) | 22 (0.06) | 23 (0.09) | 10 (41.7) | 14 (58.3) | 1.32 (0.56–3.12) | 2.09 (0.90–4.87) |
| Endocrine Therapy (L02) | 220 (0.6) | 143 (0.5) | 93 (57.1) | 70 (42.9) | 1.05 (0.80–1.39) | 0.98 (0.70–1.37) |
| Respiratory System R | ||||||
| Nasal, Throat, Cough and Cold Preparations (R01, R02, R05) | 192 (0.6) | 179 (0.7) | 50 (49.5) | 51 (50.5) | 0.65 (0.47–0.91) | 0.70 (0.50–0.98) |
| Bronchodilators (R03) | 891 (2.5) | 960 (3.6) | 395 (46.0) | 464 (54.0) | 1.05 (0.91–1.21) | 1.18 (1.03–1.36) |
| Antihistamines for Systemic Use (R06) | 258 (0.7) | 149 (0.6) | 83 (63.4) | 48 (36.6) | 0.75 (0.57–0.98) | 0.82 (0.57–1.17) |
| Hormonal Preparations H | ||||||
| Corticosteroids for Systemic Use (H02) | 1143 (3.3) | 654 (2.4) | 441 (58.8) | 309 (41.2) | 0.87 (0.77–0.99) | 1.28 (1.09–1.51) |
| Thyroid Therapy (H03) | 2285 (6.5) | 675 (2.5) | 937 (74.8) | 315 (25.2) | 0.93 (0.85–1.02) | 1.02 (0.87–1.20) |
| Other Hormonal Agents (H01, H04, H05) | 33 (0.09) | 29 (0.1) | 10 (40.0) | 15 (60.0) | 0.56 (0.26–1.20) | 1.26 (0.60–2.63) |
| Genitourinary System and Sex Hormones G | ||||||
| Systemic and Vaginal Contraceptives (G01) | 14 (0.04) | 6 (0.02) | 6 (75.0) | 2 (25.0) | 1.29 (0.43–3.89) | 0.91 (0.16–5.23) |
| Drugs Used in Benign Prostatic Hypertrophy (G04) | 60 (0.2) | 1953 (7.3) | 27 (2.9) | 910 (97.1) | 0.93 (0.55–1.57) | 0.98 (0.88–1.08) |
| Other Gynaecological Agents and Sex Hormones (G02, G03) | 161 (0.5) | 41 (0.2) | 44 (72.1) | 17 (27.9) | 0.79 (0.55–1.14) | 0.75 (0.40–1.42) |
Analyses were adjusted for age, ethnicity, presence of two or more suspected drugs, presence of concomitant drugs and presence comorbidities. ADE: adverse drug event; CI: confidence interval; ED: emergency department; ROR: odds ratio.