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. 2021 Jul 12;13(7):2376. doi: 10.3390/nu13072376

Table 3.

Factors associated with early initiation of breastfeeding and exclusive breastfeeding in adolescent Indian mothers, 2015–2016 NFHS.

Early Initiation of Breastfeeding Exclusive Breastfeeding
uOR (95% CI) p OR (95% CI) p uOR (95% CI) p OR (95% CI) p
Individual-level factors
Mother’s religion
Hindu 1.00 1.00
Muslim 0.97 (0.78, 1.20) 0.766 0.96 (0.68, 1.37) 0.829
Christian 1.13 (0.73, 1.74) 0.592 1.06 (0.46, 2.45) 0.886
Mother’s working status
Nonworking 1.00 1.00
Working (past 12 months) 0.81 (0.41, 1.58) 0.533 6.49 (0.85, 49.81) 0.072
Mother’s education
No education 1.00 1.00 1.00
Primary 0.99 (0.74, 1.32) 0.929 0.53 (0.33, 0.86) 0.011 0.55 (0.34, 0.88) 0.013
Secondary and above 1.16 (0.95, 1.43) 0.150 0.65 (0.46, 0.94) 0.022 0.60 (0.41, 0.89) 0.010
Total Maternal BMI (Kg/m2)
<18.5 1.00 1.00
18.5–24.9 1.02 (0.85, 1.21) 0.849 1.27 (0.92, 1.74) 0.144
25+ 0.93 (0.59, 1.45) 0.737 0.84 (0.41, 1.70) 0.620
Mother’s age (years)
15–17 1.00 1.00
18 0.77 (0.57, 1.02) 0.070 1.24 (0.81, 1.89) 0.326
19 0.81 (0.62, 1.06) 0.131 0.86 (0.58, 1.28) 0.459
Marital status
Currently married 1.00 1.00
Formerly married # 5.64 (2.69, 11.85) <0.001 0.27 (0.06, 1.16) 0.079
Combined mode and place of delivery
Non-caesarean and Home 1.00 1.00 1.00
Non-caesarean and health facility 1.48 (1.18, 1.86) 0.001 1.36 (1.06, 1.73) 0.013 0.86 (0.60, 1.25) 0.444
Caesarean and health facility 0.56 (0.41, 0.76) <0.001 0.43 (0.30, 0.62) <0.001 0.72 (0.45, 1.18) 0.195
Type of delivery assistance
Health professional 1.00 1.00
Traditional birth attendant 0.69 (0.52, 0.92) 0.010 0.90 (0.59, 1.38) 0.641
Others & 0.68 (0.55, 0.85) <0.001 0.74 (0.53, 1.05) 0.096
Number of antenatal clinic visits
8+ 1.00 1.00 1.00
4–7 0.75 (0.56, 1.01) 0.056 0.82 (0.60, 1.11) 0.209 1.33 (0.81, 2.18) 0.265
1–3 0.64 (0.48, 0.85) 0.002 0.75 (0.55, 1.01) 0.066 0.98 (0.61, 1.58) 0.938
None 0.52 (0.37, 0.72) <0.001 0.58 (0.41, 0.83) 0.003 1.06 (0.62, 1.81) 0.836
Timely postnatal check
0–2 days 1.00 1.00 1.00
After 2 days 0.64 (0.35, 1.17) 0.147 3.60 (1.25, 10.36) 0.017 3.47 (1.19, 10.08) 0.022
No postnatal check 0.66 (0.42, 1.05) 0.078 2.89 (1.35, 6.18) 0.006 3.06 (1.44, 6.49) 0.003
Mothers reading newspapers
Not at all 1.00 1.00
Yes/some ^ 1.01 (0.84, 1.21) 0.894 0.89 (0.66, 1.18) 0.411
Mothers listening to radio
Not at all 1.00 1.00
Yes/some ^ 0.96 (0.75, 1.23) 0.746 0.75 (0.51, 1.12) 0.162
Mothers watching television
Not at all 1.00 1.00
Yes/some ^ 1.17 (0.99, 1.38) 0.068 1.07 (0.81, 1.41) 0.623
Power over household decision making
Husband 1.00 1.00
Woman alone 0.98 (0.76, 1.27) 0.896 1.16 (0.73, 1.84) 0.527
Power over earning
Husband 1.00 1.00
Woman alone 1.05 (0.78, 1.41) 0.754 1.35 (0.83, 2.18) 0.221
Father’s occupation
Nonagricultural 1.00 1.00
Agricultural 1.28 (0.84, 1.96) 0.256 1.19 (0.53, 2.65) 0.677
Not working 1.19 (0.89, 1.60) 0.238 0.84 (0.48, 1.47) 0.552
Birth order
1st born 1.00 1.00 1.00
2nd–4th 1.41 (1.12, 1.77) 0.003 0.49 (0.34, 0.71) <0.001 0.46 (0.31, 0.66) <0.001
Preceding birth interval
No previous birth 1.00 1.00
Yes 1.36 (1.08, 1.71) 0.008 0.5 (0.35, 0.71) <0.001
Sex of baby
Male 1.00 1.00
Female 1.15 (0.97, 1.36) 0.097 0.88 (0.67, 1.16) 0.375
Child’s age (in <6 months) 0.64 (0.59, 0.71) <0.001
Child’s age in category
0–5 1.00
6–11 1.01 (0.82, 1.24) 0.943
12–17 1.12 (0.90, 1.38) 0.320
18–23 1.13 (0.85, 1.49) 0.412
Low Birth Weight (<2500 g)
No 1.00 1.00
Yes 0.98 (0.79, 1.23) 0.881 1.28 (0.89, 1.82) 0.178
Size of the baby
Small 1.00 1.00
Average 0.94 (0.74, 1.19) 0.598 0.92 (0.63, 1.36) 0.688
Large 0.85 (0.64, 1.13) 0.259 0.84 (0.52, 1.35) 0.469
Children who had diarrhea recently
No 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00
Yes 0.68 (0.54, 0.86) 0.001 0.75 (0.57, 0.97) 0.030 0.58 (0.38, 0.88) 0.012 0.62 (0.40, 0.95) 0.031
Children with acute respiratory infection treatment
No 1.00 1.00
Yes 0.74 (0.51, 1.06) 0.102 0.42 (0.19, 0.95) 0.037
Children who had fever in last 2 weeks
No 1.00 1.00 1.00
Yes 0.72 (0.57, 0.91) 0.006 0.77 (0.61, 0.98) 0.037 0.84 (0.57, 1.24) 0.390
Household-level factors
Wealth index
Poor 1.00 1.00
Middle 0.90 (0.74, 1.11) 0.332 0.94 (0.67, 1.32) 0.724
Rich 0.89 (0.71, 1.12) 0.309 0.86 (0.60, 1.25) 0.435
Number of living children
1 1.00
2 to 3 1.51 (1.19, 1.93) 0.001 0.44 (0.30, 0.64) <0.001
Source of drinking water
Improved 1.00 1.00
Unimproved 0.96 (0.79, 1.16) 0.687 1.36 (0.99, 1.86) 0.055
Type of toilet facility
Improved 1.00 1.00
Unimproved 1.00 (0.84, 1.20) 0.944 1.3 (0.97, 1.74) 0.085
Community-level factors
Residence
Urban 1.00 1.00
Rural 0.87 (0.68, 1.11) 0.264 0.98 (0.67, 1.45) 0.952
Geographical region
North 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00
South 1.84 (1.37, 2.49) <0.001 2.19 (1.56, 3.06) <0.001 1.15 (0.70, 1.88) 0.575 1.28 (0.77, 2.11) 0.326
East 1.54 (1.20, 1.99) 0.001 1.69 (1.31, 2.18) <0.001 0.86 (0.56, 1.31) 0.500 0.82 (0.54, 1.24) 0.360
West 2.55 (1.80, 3.61) <0.001 2.66 (1.88, 3.75) <0.001 0.90 (0.50, 1.59) 0.720 0.89 (0.51, 1.57) 0.704
Central 0.90 (0.69, 1.16) 0.430 0.99 (0.76, 1.30) 0.992 0.63 (0.42, 0.96) 0.034 0.63 (0.42, 0.95) 0.031
Northeast 3.92 (2.94, 5.23) <0.001 4.26 (3.15, 5.75) <0.001 1.40 (0.85, 2.31) 0.174 1.33 (0.78, 2.25) 0.288
Type of caste or tribe
Schedule caste 1.00 1.00 1.00
Schedule tribe 0.95 (0.73, 1.23) 0.684 1.98 (1.26, 3.09) 0.003 2.00 (1.27, 3.16) 0.003
Other backward caste 0.87 (0.70, 1.07) 0.183 1.05 (0.73, 1.49) 0.781 1.02 (0.71, 1.45) 0.900
Other * 1.11 (0.85, 1.44) 0.444 1.11 (0.72, 1.70) 0.621 1.08 (0.69, 1.67) 0.727

uOR: unadjusted odds ratio; OR: adjusted odds ratio; CI: confidence interval; p: p-value; & friend/relative and others; # divorced/separated/widowed. ^ less than once a week/at least once a week/almost every day; * includes Jews, Parsis/Zoroastrians, those following other religions, and those with no religion.